A Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) AA battery (right) shown next to a battery placeholder (left)
Specific energy
90–160 Wh/kg (320–580 J/g or kJ/kg)[1]
Energy density
325 Wh/L (1200 kJ/L)[1]
Specific power
around 200 W/kg[2]
Energy/consumer-price
1-4 Wh/US$[3][4]
Time durability
> 10 years
Cycle durability
2,750–12,000[5] cycles
Nominal cell voltage
3.2 V
The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO 4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode.
Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power.[6] LFP batteries are cobalt-free.[7] As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% was from Tesla and Chinese EV maker BYD production alone.[8] Chinese manufacturers currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production.[9] With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries,[10] LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries in 2028.[11]
The specific energy of LFP batteries is lower than that of other common lithium ion battery types such as nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). The specific energy of CATL's LFP battery is currently 125 Watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) and up to possibly 160 Wh/kg with improved packing technology. BYD's LFP battery specific energy is 150 Wh/kg. The best NMC batteries exhibit specific energy values of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the specific energy of Panasonic’s “2170” NCA batteries used in Tesla’s 2020 Model 3 is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also exhibit a lower operating voltage than other lithium-ion battery types.
^ ab"Great Power Group, Square lithium-ion cell". Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
^"12,8 Volt Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries" (PDF). VictronEnergy.nl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
^"Zooms 12V 100Ah LiFePO4 Deep Cycle Battery, Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
^"ZEUS Battery Products - 12.8 V Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Rechargeable (Secondary) 20Ah". DigiKey.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
^Preger, Yuliya; Barkholtz, Heather M.; Fresquez, Armando; Campbell, Daniel L.; Juba, Benjamin W.; Romàn-Kustas, Jessica; Ferreira, Summer R.; Chalamala, Babu (2020). "Degradation of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry and Cycling Conditions". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 167 (12). Institute of Physics: 120532. Bibcode:2020JElS..167l0532P. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abae37. S2CID 225506214.
^Learn about lithium batteries ethospower.org
^Li, Wangda; Lee, Steven; Manthiram, Arumugam (2020). "High-Nickel NMA: A Cobalt-Free Alternative to NMC and NCA Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries". Advanced Materials. 32 (33): e2002718. Bibcode:2020AdM....3202718L. doi:10.1002/adma.202002718. OSTI 1972436. PMID 32627875.
^"Tesla, BYD accounted for 68% of LFP batteries deployed from Q1-Q3 2022". 15 December 2022.
^"Japan battery material producers lose spark as China races ahead".
^"A Handful of Lithium Battery Patents Are Set to Expire Before the End of the Year, Hopefully Bringing EV Prices Down With Them | GetJerry.com". getjerry.com. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
^"Global lithium-ion battery capacity to rise five-fold by 2030". 22 March 2022.
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