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Flag of Frisia, with seven lilies
This is a list of historically verifiable, legendary and fictitious rulers of Frisia, whether they were called chieftains, counts, dukes or kings. The earliest names of Frisian rulers are documented by the chronicles of the Merovingian (Frankish) kings, with whom they were contemporaries. In these chronicles, these rulers were styled dux, a Latin term for leader which is the origin of the title duke and its cognates in other languages. English sources refer to them as kings.
After coming under Frankish rule, the Frisian districts were governed by counts, later on also by dukes and bishops exerting the count's privileges. The power of these counts was restricted, however, due to the decentralized nature of the maritime landscape, which prevented large-scale military operations. After the Treaty of Verdun (843) Frisia was allocated to Middle Francia, after the Treaty of Meersen (870) it became part of East Francia, i.e. the German Kingdom. The foreign - largely Saxon - magnates that held office were dependent on local nobles helping them to exploit privileges, administer justice and raise troops. Only in the coastal districts of Holland a local dynasty developed, due to extensive royal domains.
In fact, the Frisians were ruled by local officials such as the frana and skelta, that were in most cases appointed by counts. As the power of counts waned during the 12th century, these functionaries were replaced by elected grietmannen (prosecutors) in Friesland or redjeva (judges or advocati) in Groningen and East-Frisia. The position of grietmannen evolved towards a government office and was ultimately transformed into the office of mayor in 1851.
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