Global InformationList of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe information
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010) |
This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors,[1][2][3] according to the concept of succession of states. The political borders of Europe are difficult to define. The geographical borders between Europe and Asia are generally agreed to be the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
| Sovereign state | Predecessors |
|---|---|
| Albania | Illyrians Illyrian kingdom (c. 650 - c. 135 BC) Part of the Roman Empire, within the province of Macedonia (148 BC – 324 AD)
Lordship of Berat (1396–1417)
|
| Andorra |  County of Urgell (843–1133)Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell (1133–1208)  County of Foix (1208–1607/1610) Principality of Andorra (1278–present)
|
| Armenia | Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC – 428) Roman Armenia (114–118 AD)Sassanian (Persian) Armenia (252–299; 363–428; 428–646) Arminiya – Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (654–884) Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia (884–1045) Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget (dependent) (979–1118) Kingdom of Syunik (dependent) (987–1170) Kingdom of Artsakh (dependent) (1000–1261) Seljuq Armenia (1071–1124) Georgian Armenia (1124–1386): Zakarid Armenia (1201–1360)  Ilkhanate (1260–1335)Principality of Khachen (1261–1603) Turkmen Armenia (1386–1502) Iranian Armenia (1502–1828):  Safavid dynasty (1502–1736), Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796), Qajar dynasty (1789–1828) Ottoman Empire (1586–1828) Russian Empire (1828–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936)(republic of the Soviet Union) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Armenia (1990–present) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991)
|
| Austria | Margraviate of Austria (976–1156) Duchy of Austria (1156–1453) Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Cisleithania (1867–1918) Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919) First Austrian Republic (1919–1934) Federal State of Austria (1934–1938) German Reich (1938–1945) Republic of Austria (1945–present)
|
| Azerbaijan |  Achaemenid Empire (549 – 331 BC)Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC – 705)  Shirvanshah (861–1539) Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) Safavid Empire (1501–1736) Russian Empire (1813–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[4] (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present)
|
| Belarus | Kievan Rus' (879–1240) Principality of Polotsk (987–1307)Principality of Turov (10th century – 14th century) Kingdom of Lithuania (1251–1263)  Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1263–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793) Russian Empire (1793–1917) Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (1919; 1920–1922) Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1920) Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991 and UN member 1945–1991) Republic of Belarus (1991–present)
|
| Belgium |  Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1794) – Spanish Netherlands (1556–1713) and  Austrian Netherlands (1713–1797) France (1797–1815) United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) Kingdom of Belgium (1830–present)
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Banate of Bosnia (1154–1377) Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) Ottoman Empire (1463–1878) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992) Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995)  Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–present)
|
| Bulgaria |  Odrysian kingdom (480 BC – 30 BC) [5][6][7]
Paeonia (kingdom) Tylis (277 -212 BC) Thracian kingdom (Roman vassal state) (30 BC – 46 AD) [5][6][7]
Bulgars (Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Onogurs?) (469 – 632)
|
| Croatia |
|
| Cyprus |  Macedonian Empire (333–323 BC), Hellenistic States (323–58 BC)
|
| Czech Republic | Great Moravia (833–902) Duchy of Bohemia (c.870–1198) Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Cisleithania (1867–1918) Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) German Reich (1939–1945) –  Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992) Czech Republic (1993–present)
|
| Denmark |  Kingdom of Denmark[8] (c. 965 – present)Anglo-Norse Empire (1016–1035)  Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
|
| Estonia |  Terra Mariana (1207–1561) Swedish Empire (1561–1721) Governorate of Estonia (1721–1918) Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Estonia (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)[9][10]
|
| Finland | Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Sweden (c. 1210–1809) Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) Republic of Finland (1917–present)
|
| France | Part of the Roman Empire, within the province of Roman Gaul (1st century BC-5th century AD)
Gallic Empire (260 - 274 BC) |
| Georgia |
|
| Germany | Alamannia (213 - 911) Old Saxony (6th century - 804) Carolingian Empire (800–843) East Francia (843–919) Kingdom of Germany (919–962) Holy Roman Empire (800/962–1806) |
| Greece | Minoan civilisation (3500 - 1100 BC)
Mycenaean Greece (1750 - 1050 BC) Ancient Greek city states and kingdoms (900–146 BC)
Delian League (488 - 404 BC) |
| Hungary | ( Principality of Hungary (895–1000) Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1526) Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570),  Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711),  Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711–1848, 1849–1867) Hungarian State (1849) Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) Hungarian People's Republic (1918–1919) Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919) Hungarian Republic (1919–1920) Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) Hungarian Republic (1946–1949) Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) Republic of Hungary (1989–2012) Hungary (2012–present)
|
| Iceland |  Icelandic Free State (930–1262) Kingdom of Norway (1262–1397) Kalmar Union (1397–1536) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) Kingdom of Denmark (1814–1918) Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) Iceland (1944–present)
|
| Ireland | Hibernia (300 BC – 100 AD) Gaelic Kingdoms (1st century – 1541)  Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1651) Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659) Kingdom of Ireland (1659–1800) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922) Irish Free State (1922–1937) Ireland (1937–present)
|
| Italy |  Roman Kingdom (753 BC – 509 BC) Magna Graecia (8th century - 212 BC) Latin League (7th century - 338 BC)  Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)  Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Italy) (476–1071): Exarchate of Ravenna (584–751): Duchy of Rome (536–756)  Kingdom of Italy (476–493) (Vassal state of the Eastern Roman Empire) Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553) The Italian peninsula divided into many states 568–1861, among them: Kingdom of the Lombards (568–774)  Republic of Venice (697–1797) Papal States (754–1870) Kingdom of the Franks (774–800) Carolingian Empire (800–843) Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855) Kingdom of Italy (855–1801)  Republic of Ancona (11th century - 1532) Republic of Genoa (11th century – 1797)  Republic of Florence (1115 - 1569)  Kingdom of Sicily (under Habsburg Spain) (1130–1816) Kingdom of Naples (under Habsburg Spain) (1282–1799, 1799–1816)  Kingdom of Sardinia (under Habsburg Spain) (1324–1861)  Republic of Ragusa (1358 -1808) Duchy of Milan (Imperial fief under Habsburg Spain) (1395–1447, 1450–1796) |
| Kazakhstan | Cuman–Kipchak confederation (10th century – 1241)
|
| Latvia | Terra Mariana (1207–1583) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1583–1611) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Swedish Empire (1611–1721) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire (1721–1772) Russian Empire (1772–1918) Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920) Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Latvia (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1991–present)[9][10]
|
| Liechtenstein | 
|
| Lithuania | Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century – 1569)
|
| Luxembourg | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1890) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890–present)
|
| Malta[11] |  Order of Saint John (1530–1798) French occupation of Malta (1798–1800), La Nazione Gozitana (1798–1801) British Protectorate of Malta (1800–1813) Crown Colony of Malta (1813–1964) State of Malta (1964–1974) Republic of Malta (1974–present)
|
| Moldova |  Moldavia (1359–1812) (vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1514 and 1812) Russian Empire (1812–1918) Kingdom of Romania (1918–1945) Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1940–1990) Republic of Moldova (1990–present) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991) Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union 1990–1991) Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (1991–present)
|
| Monaco |  Republic of Genoa (1215–1297) Principality of Monaco (1297–present)
|
| Montenegro | Principality of Serbia (768–960/971) First Bulgarian Empire (680–1018) (924–1018) Byzantine Empire (960–1043)Duklja (1043–1101) Serbian Grand Principality (1101–1217)  Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Principality of Zeta (1371–1402) Serbian Despotate (1402–1540) Ottoman Empire (1540–1852) Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) (within Ottoman Empire until 1878) Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918) Kingdom of Serbia (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1946–1992) Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006) (republic within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro)[12] (2003–2006) Montenegro[13] (2006–present)
|
| Netherlands | Frankish Kingdom (5th to 10th centuries), Frisian Kingdom (600–734), Duchy of (Lower) Lorraine (903–1190) and  County of Holland (880–1384) Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) Seventeen Provinces (1482–1581) Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) First French Empire (1810–1813) Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815) United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–present)
|
| North Macedonia | First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) Byzantine Empire (1018–1185) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Kingdom of Prilep (1371–1395) Ottoman Empire (1395–1913) Kingdom of Serbia (1913–1918) Kingdom of Bulgaria (1915–1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1945–1991) Republic of Macedonia (1991–2019) Republic of North Macedonia (2019–present)
|
| Norway | Petty Kingdoms of Norway (?–876)
|
| Poland | Civitas Schinesghe (960–1025) – Poland in the Early Middle Ages Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385) Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1804), Austrian Empire (1804–1867), Cisleithania (1867–1918),  Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815),  Prussia and the Russian Empire (1795–1918) Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) Military Administration in Poland (1939) General Government (1939–1944) Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945) Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947) Polish People's Republic (1947–1989) Republic of Poland (1989–present)
|
| Portugal | Roman Republic (197 BC – 27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) Suebic Kingdom (409 – 585) Visigothic Kingdom (418–711) Umayyad Caliphate (711–750) Emirate of Córdoba (756–868)  County of Portugal, within the Kingdom of León (868–1139) Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1189) Kingdom of Portugal and Silves (1189–1191) Kingdom of Portugal (1191–1249) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarve (1249–1471) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1471–1815) United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1825–1910) First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926) Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933) Second Portuguese Republic / Estado Novo (1933–1974) National Salvation Junta (1974–1975) Third Portuguese Republic (1975–present)
|
| Romania |  Wallachia (1330–1859; vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1415 and 1859) Moldavia (1359–1859; vassal of Ottoman Empire between 1514 and 1859)  Romanian United Principalities (1859–1866) Principality of Romania (1866–1881) Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947) Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989) (renamed from "Romanian People's Republic" in 1965) Romania (1989–present)
|
| Russia | Rus' Khaganate (838–862) Kievan Rus' (862–1240) Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)Vladimir-Suzdal (1157–1331; vassal of the Golden Horde 1240–1331)  Pskov Republic (1348–1510) Principality of Tver (1246–1483)Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547; vassal of the Golden Horde until 1480) Tsardom of Russia (1547–1610)
|
| San Marino |  Republic of San Marino (301–present)
|
| Serbia | Kingdom of Dardania(4th century-28BC) Principality of Serbia (768–960/971) First Bulgarian Empire (924–1018) Byzantine Empire (960–1043) Duklja (1043–1101) Serbian Grand Principality (1101–1217) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Serbian Empire (1346–1371) Moravian Serbia (1371–1402) Serbian Despotate (1402–1459)  Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739 and 1788–1791) Principality of Serbia (1817–1882) Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) Socialist Republic of Serbia (1946–1992) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Republic of Serbia (1992–2006) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro[12] (2003–2006) Republic of Serbia (2006–present) Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo (1946–1992) Republic of Kosova (1990–1999) Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1992–present) United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–present) Republic of Kosovo (2008–present)
|
| Slovakia | Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) Slovak Republic (1939–1945) Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992) Slovak Republic (1993–present)
|
| Slovenia |  Duchy of Carniola (1364–1804) Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Cisleithania (1867–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1946) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1946–1991) Republic of Slovenia (1991–present)
|
| Spain | Vascones (12th BC? – 1st BC) Tartessos (12th BC – 5th BC) Phoenicias (12th BC – 237 BC) Greeks (9th BC – 218 BC) Iberians (6th BC – 1st BC) Celts (6th BC – 1st BC) Celtiberics (6th BC – 1st BC) Lusitanians (6th BC – 1st BC) Carthaginian Empire (237 BC – 208 BC) Roman Republic (218 BC – 27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) Vandals (409–534) Alans (409–429) Kingdom of the Suebi (409–585)  Kingdom of Galicia (410–1833)Visigothic Kingdom (418–711) Byzantine Empire (552–624) Umayyad Caliphate (Al-Andalus) (711–756) Emirate of Córdoba (756–929) Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)  Kingdom of Asturias (718/722–924) Kingdom of León (910–1230) Kingdom of Navarre (824 (traditional)–1841) County of Barcelona (formation 801/independence 988–1162) Kingdom of Aragon (1035–1707) Kingdom of Castile (1065–1230) Crown of Aragon (1162–1716) Principality of Catalonia (1162–1714) Crown of Castile (1230–1715) Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715(1349)) Kingdom of Valencia (1238–1707) Unification of Spain and Spanish Empire (1469/1492/1516–1975) Kingdom of Spain (1716–1873) Spanish Republic (1873–1874) Kingdom of Spain (1873–1931) Spanish Republic (1931–1939) Spanish State (1939–1975) Kingdom of Spain (1975–present)
|
| Sweden | Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1814) United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (Sweden in union with Norway 1814–1905) Kingdom of Sweden (1905–present)
|
| Switzerland | Kingdom of the Burgundians (411–534) Kingdom of the Franks (481–843) Middle Francia (843 – 855) East Francia (843 – 962)  Old Swiss Confederacy (1291–1798) Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) Swiss Confederation (1803–present)
|
| Turkey | Hellinistic States (323–146 BC) Roman Republic (146–27 BC), Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD), Byzantine Empire (395–1390)
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194) |
| Ukraine | Rus' Khaganate (838–862)
|
| In the Crimean peninsula
Greek city states (6th–5th centuries BC) | |
 Ukraine (1991–present)
| |
| United Kingdom | Part of the Roman Empire, within the province of Roman Britain (43 AD-410 AD)
Kingdom of Elmet (4th–7th century), Kingdom of Deira (c.450–654), Kingdom of Kent/Cantwara (455–871), Kingdom of Lindsey (c. 500 – 7th century), Kingdom of Rheged (500–600), Kingdom of Sussex (c.477–860), Kingdom of Wessex (519 – 927), Kingdom of Essex (527–825), Kingdom of Mercia (527–918), Kingdom of Haestingas (6th century? – 771?), Kingdom of East Anglia (571–918), Kingdom of the Hwicce (577–780s), Kingdom of Bernicia (6th century – 654), Kingdom of Northumbria (654–954), |
| Vatican City | Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) Kingdom of Italy (476–493) Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–533) Byzantine Empire (533–754) Papal States (754–1798; 1799–1870) Roman Republic (1798–1799) (client state of France) Kingdom of Italy (1870–1929) (as a prisoner in the Vatican) Vatican City State (1929–present)
|
- ^ "World History Maps & Timelines | GeaCron".
- ^ "The Timemap of World History". TimeMaps.
- ^ "Atlas of World History Animation". www.atlasofworldhistory.com.
- ^ a b ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".
- ^ a b "Many Thracian survivals have been detected in the sphere of Bulgarian national costume and folk tradition." The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, David Marshall Lang, Westview Press, 1976, ISBN 0-89158-530-3, p. 27.
- ^ a b Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika; Koshel, Sergey; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Atramentova, Lubov; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Davydenko, Oleg; Goncharova, Olga; Evseeva, Irina; Churnosov, Michail; Pocheshchova, Elvira; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Marjanović, Damir; Rudan, Pavao; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
- ^ a b "A detailed analysis is made of the assimilation process which took place between Slavs and Thracians. It ended in the triumph of the Slav element and in the ultimate disappearance of the Thracian ethnos...Attention is drawn to the fact that even though assimilated, the Thracian ethnicon left behind traces of its existence (in toponymy, the lexical wealth of the Bulgarian language, religious beliefs, material culture, etc.) which should be extensively studied in all their aspects in the future..." For more see: Димитър Ангелов, Образуване на българската народност, (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971) pp. 409–410. (Summary in Englis h).
- ^ "Denmark". The World Factbook. CIA. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ a b c Talari, Pekka T. (1996). State Succession in Respect of Debts: The Effect of State Succession in the 1990s on the Rules of Law. The Finnish Yearbook of International Law. Vol. 2. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 9789041104694.
- ^ a b c Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 177–9. ISBN 9789041115539.
- ^ Debattista, Martin. "Timeline of Malta History". aboutmalta.com. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ a b ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-8 has the official name of Serbia and Montenegro as just "Serbia and Montenegro".
- ^ ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-12 has the official name of Montenegro as "Republic of Montenegro".
- ^ "So-called referenda in Russian-controlled Ukraine 'cannot be regarded as legal': UN political affairs chief". UN News. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.