The gymnosperms consist of five orders of seed plants: Cupressales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Gnetales and Pinales.[a] They developed more than 350 million years ago, long before flowering plants, according to the fossil record. The name comes from the Greek for "naked seed"; the egg cells are not protected by ovaries, as in flowering plants.[4]
Gymnosperms are divided into 12 families of trees, shrubs and woody vines.[5]Sequoiadendron giganteum, the giant redwood, is the largest tree in the world, and Sequoia sempervirens, the coastal redwood, is the tallest.[6]Ginkgo trees tolerate urban pollutants well, and are often planted in and near cities.[7] The pine family is the main source of softwood timber, paper pulp and turpentine.[8] The flexible wood of the yew family is used in longbows and musical instruments.[9]
^Stevens 2023, Gymnosperms.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
^POWO.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 71, 652.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 73–86.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 84.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 75.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 79–80.
^Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 86.
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not herbaceous Listof plant family names with etymologies The taxonomy (classification) in this list follows the Gymnosperm section of the Angiosperm...
The gymnosperms (/ˈdʒɪmnəˌspɜːrmz, -noʊ-/ JIM-nə-spurmz, -noh-; lit. 'revealed seeds') are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads...
taxonomic familyListofgymnospermfamiliesListof nitrogen-fixing-clade familiesListof the largest genera of flowering plants Lists of biota by country...
species provide edible seeds; most are angiosperms, while a few are gymnosperms. As a global food source, the most important edible seeds by weight are...
ISSN 2624-893X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2007-06-10. This tree also has a sign...
Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Familiesof the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. "The Gymnosperm Database"....
De-Zhi and colleagues (2004) once again proposed a division of 12 gymnospermfamilies into two classes; Cycadopsida order Cycadales Coniferopsida subclass...
the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous, over 300...
of notable value as human food. The biggest producers of pine nuts are China, Russia, North Korea, Pakistan and Afghanistan. As pines are gymnosperms...
Gnetum is a genus ofgymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike...
ˈnɛtoʊfaɪtə/) is a division of plants (alternatively considered the subclass Gnetidae or order Gnetales), grouped within the gymnosperms (which also includes...
Calamopityaceae is the largest family in Pteriodspermatophyta. This family is composed ofgymnosperms, and because of their stem structure discovered...
82 families and 226 genera. Out of these, 22 species from 5 families and 11 genera belong to softwood trees ofgymnosperms. For all plant families found...
has been superseded by World Flora Online "Araucaria columnaris". The Gymnosperm Database. Johns, J. W.; Yost, J. M.; Nicolle, D.; Igic, B.; Ritter, M...
restricted application, in the names of the orders of his class Didynamia. The terms angiosperms and gymnosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827...
description – The Gymnosperm Database". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 10 August 2018. Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus arizonica". IUCN Red Listof Threatened...
ferns, but they are not closely related to either group. Cycads are gymnosperms (naked-seeded), meaning their unfertilized seeds are open to the air...
category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the flowering plants and the gymnosperms, but not...
(hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers and other gymnosperms, and flowering plants). A definition based on genomes includes the Viridiplantae...
ˈɡɪŋkɡoʊ/ GINK-oh, -goh), also known as the maidenhair tree, is a species ofgymnosperm tree native to East Asia. It is the last living species in the order...
Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Chamaecyparis". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 31...
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