A page from ibn Fadlan's manuscriptSigismund von Herberstein in Russian dress
In the following list of foreign observers of Russia dates are normally date of first publication, or other appropriate date where this is not possible
922: Ahmed ibn Fadlan travelled from Bagdad to near Kazan, saw Vikings
c. 950: Ahmad ibn Rustah went to Novgorod
c. 1241: Snorri Sturluson described Rus chieftains as typical Vikings
c. 1300: Marco Polo mentioned Russia as a distant country in the far north
1476: Ambrogio Contarini Venetian ambassador to Persia, passed through Moscow. Early (earliest?) printed source
1486: Iurii Trakhaniot Muscovite ambassador to Milan, interviewed by Milanese officials, their report possibly not published
1487: Giosafat Barbaro Venetian to Sea of Azov, published 1543
1515 Jacob Piso: Polish anti-Russian propaganda, never in Russia
1517: Maciej Miechowita "first accurate geography of Eastern Europe"
1519 Christian Bomhover: Teutonic Knight, first book solely on Russia, very hostile, never visited Russia, little cited by later authors.
1525–1543: Albert Compense, Paolo Giovo, Johan Fabri: Favorable accounts in interest of church union. Never in Russia.
c. 1527: Sigismund von Herberstein, Habsburg ambassador to Moscow. Saw government as despotic. Much copied by later writers.
1553: Richard Chancellor reached Muscovy via the White Sea, wrote Booke of the Great and Mighty Emperor of Russia
1561–1583: During the Livonian War a number of anti-Russian pamphlets published in the German lands.
1578: Heinrich von Staden German soldier, in oprichnina
1586: Antonio Possevino Papal diplomat
1589: Richard Hakluyt published voyages of the Muscovy Company
1589: Anthony Jenkinson, with Muscovy Company, to Moscow, Astrakhan, Bukhara and Persia, published in Hakluyt
1591: Giles Fletcher, the Elder English ambassador to Muscovy, wrote Of the Russe Common Wealth
1607: Jacques Margeret French mercenary, 'first printed French book on Russia'
1610: Isaac Massa Dutch merchant and envoy, via White Sea
1615: Peter Petreius Swedish diplomat, wrote History of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
1617: Conrad Bussow German involved in Time of Troubles
1621: Jerome Horsey with Muscovy Company
1647: Adam Olearius Holstein ambassador to Persia via Muscovy and the Volga
1653: Paul of Aleppo favorable view of an Orthodox theocracy. In Arabic, English translation 1829
1663: Juraj Križanić Croat and proto pan-slav. Advocated liberalizing reforms similar to the later enlightened despotism
1671: Samuel Collins (physician) physician to the Czar
c. 1678: Nicolae Milescu Moldavian in Siberia and China
c. 1680: Patrick Gordon: Scots soldier, left diary
1682: John Milton A Brief History of Muscovy compiled from other sources
1687: Foy de la Neuville possibly travelled in Russia
1701: Dembei Japanese castaway taken to St Petersburg
1712: Tulishen Manchu ambassador to Russia and the Kalmycks
1721: Friedrich Christian Weber German diplomat
c. 1723: Lorenz Lange Swede in Siberia and China
1729–1732: Two Chinese embassies to Russia[1]
c. 1733: Johan Gustaf Renat Swede captured by Russians and then Dzungars. Mapped Siberia and Dzungaria
1746? Georg Wilhelm Steller journals of the Bering expedition
1751: Johann Georg Gmelin, with Bering, botany of Siberia
1757: Gerhard Friedrich Müller, with Bering, examined Siberian archives
1771: Peter Simon Pallas German natural historian
1784: William Richardson (classicist) Scots traveler
c. 1829: Alexander von Humboldt German naturalist
1839: Marquis de Custine very hostile
1847: August von Haxthausen publicized the peasant commune
1870: George Kennan (explorer) in eastern Siberia
1876: Edward Delmar Morgan British traveler and translator
1877: Donald Mackenzie Wallace British journalist
1894: Constance Garnett translated Russian novels
1909: Jeremiah Curtin visited Buryats
1913–1919: Arthur Ransome English author, journalist and translator; witnessed revolution
1919: John Reed (journalist) witnessed revolution
^Clifford M Foust, Muscovite and Mandarin, 1967, pages 57–67
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