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List of the promotions of the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Dates of the consistories are known or possible to establish only from the pontificate of Pope Gelasius II (1118–1119).[1] Information concerning the number and names of the cardinals created before this pontificate are certainly incomplete.[2] For the later period, the available data are probably complete, but, for some pontificates (particularly in the 12th century), it is impossible to establish the exact number of promotions, because in some cases there are doubts whether the promotion really took place, and in some others it is not possible to ascertain whether the records describe two separate individuals or one individual who held two cardinal titles during his lifetime.
The numbers in the list do not include the cardinals created in pectore whose names were never published, those who declined the appointment, and those who died before their announced promotion took place.
^Cfr. Hüls, p. 84-87
^Cfr. Klewitz, p. 99.
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