For extinct cetaceans, see List of extinct cetaceans.
Cetacea is an infraorder that comprises the 94 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. It is divided into toothed whales (Odontoceti) and baleen whales (Mysticeti), which diverged from each other in the Eocene some 50 million years ago (mya). Cetaceans are descended from land-dwelling hoofed mammals, and the now extinct archaeocetes represent the several transitional phases from terrestrial to completely aquatic.[1] Historically, cetaceans were thought to have descended from the wolf-like mesonychians, but cladistic analyses confirm their placement with even-toed ungulates in the order Cetartiodactyla.[2][3][4][5][6]
Whale populations were drastically reduced in the 20th century from intensive whaling, and the activity was globally banned in 1982.[7] Smaller cetaceans are at risk of accidentally getting caught by fishing vessels using, namely, seine fishing, drift netting, or gill netting operations.[8]
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^Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (2016-04-19). Miller, Debra L. (ed.). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetaceans. Vol. 7. CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4398-4257-7.
^Agnarsson, I.; May-Collado, LJ. (2008). "The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 48 (3): 964–985. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046. PMID 18590827.
^Price, SA.; Bininda-Emonds, OR.; Gittleman, JL. (2005). "A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals – Cetartiodactyla". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 80 (3): 445–473. doi:10.1017/s1464793105006743. PMID 16094808. S2CID 45056197.
^Montgelard, C.; Catzeflis, FM.; Douzery, E. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA mitochondrial sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (5): 550–559. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792. PMID 9159933.
^Spaulding, M.; O'Leary, MA.; Gatesy, J. (2009). "Relationships of Cetacea -Artiodactyla- Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7062. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062. PMC 2740860. PMID 19774069.
^"Cetacean Species and Taxonomy". IUCN-SSC: Cetacean Specialist Group. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
^Beckman, Daniel (2013). "Conservation of Cetaceans". Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-7637-7350-2.
^Clover, Charles (2008). The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25505-0.
are descendants of land-living mammals, the even-toed ungulates. The earliest cetaceans were still hoofed mammals. These early cetaceans became gradually...
Cetaceans are the animals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. This list includes individuals from real life or fiction, where fictional...
as being very closely related to cetaceans, so mesonychians are probably an offshoot from Artiodactyla, and cetaceans did not derive directly from mesonychians...
vontsira Cetartiodactyla is a large order of hoofed mammals, the even-toed ungulates, and aquatic mammals, cetaceans. Cetacea was found to be nested within...
evidence places cetaceans as nested within even-toed ungulates, most closely related to hippopotamus within the clade Whippomorpha. Cetaceans have been extensively...
This is a listof Arctic cetaceans. Balaenidae Bowhead whale (ᐊᕐᕕᖅ, arviq) Balaena mysticetus Balaenopteridae Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus Sei whale...
the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation ofCetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU). As not much...
ofcetaceans with fishing nets. Indirect contact is through marine trophic pathways where fisheries are severely reducing fish stocks that cetaceans rely...
Cetacean surfacing behaviour is a grouping of movement types that cetaceans make at the water's surface in addition to breathing. Cetaceans have developed...
rescued. Cetaceans portal Cetacean strandings in Ghana Cetacean strandings in Tasmania Dolphin drive hunting, a technique which herds small cetaceans towards...
Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation ofCetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU). Cetaceans portal Mammals...
specifically devoted to cetaceans and a number of countries in which the practice ofcetacean hunting remains widespread. In addition to cetaceans, the Caribbean...
Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation ofCetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU) and the Memorandum of Understanding...
common dolphins off of New Zealand, as they actively avoid swimmers. Cetaceans portal Mammals portal Marine life portal Listofcetaceans Marine biology Braulik...
the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation ofCetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU). No accurate...
of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[citation needed] The species is protected under Appendix I of the...
Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation ofCetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU). Cetaceans portal Mammals...
giraffa species, hippopotami. Listofcetacean species with population estimates – dolphins, porpoises, whales. Listof odd-toed ungulates by population –...
Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation ofCetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU) and the Memorandum of Understanding...
may be implicated. Cetaceans portal Mammals portal Marine life portal Listofcetaceans Pacific Islands Cetaceans Memorandum of Understanding HMS Daedalus...
portal Listofcetaceans Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World:...
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