The U.S. FAA lists factors of aircraft upset in the Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid[1][2] as follows:
Turbulence causes:
Clear air turbulence
Mountain wave turbulence
Windshear
Thunderstorms
Microbursts
Wake turbulence
Aircraft icing
Systems anomalies:
Flight instruments
Autoflight systems
Flight control and other anomalies
Pilot-Induced
Instrument cross-check
Adjusting attitude and power
Inattention
Distraction from primary cockpit duties
Vertigo or spatial disorientation
Pilot incapacitation
Improper use of airplane automation
Pilot techniques
Pilot induced oscillation avoidance and recovery
Combination causes:
Swept-wing airplane fundamentals for pilots
Flight dynamics
Energy states
Load factor (flight mechanics)
Aerodynamic flight envelope
Aerodynamic causes:
Angle of attack and stall
Camber
Control surface fundamentals
Spoiler-type devices
Trim
Lateral and directional aerodynamic considerations
Angle of sideslip
Wing dihedral effects
Pilot-commanded sideslip
Crossover speed
Static stability
Maneuvering in pitch
Mechanics of turning flight
Lateral and directional maneuvering
Flight at extremely low airspeeds
High-altitude factors
Stall
icing
Automation during high-altitude flight
Primary flight display airspeed indications
Human factors and high altitude upsets
Additional considerations:
Multi-engine flame out
Core lock
Engine rollback
Flight at extremely high speeds
Defensive, aggressive maneuvers
Situation awareness
Startle factor
Negative G-force
Use of full control inputs
Counter-intuitive factors
Previous training in non-similar airplanes
Engine performance in upset situation
Post-upset conditions
^https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/training/media/AP_UpsetRecovery_Book.pdf U.S. FAA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid, Revision 2, 443 pages, 25.8 M
^Note: Partial text copied from referenced FAA or NASA document. As a public work of the U.S. Government, the document is in the public domain and has no copyright.
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