Global InformationList of Caribbean folk music traditions information
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This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are distinct traditions based along racial, geographic, linguistic, religious, tribal or ethnic lines, and all such peoples will likely use different criteria to decide what constitutes a "folk music tradition". This list uses the same general categories used by mainstream, primarily English-language, scholarly sources, as determined by relevant statements of fact and the internal structure of works.
These traditions may coincide entirely, partially or not at all with geographic, political, linguistic or cultural boundaries. Very few, if any, music scholars would claim that there are any folk music traditions that can be considered specific to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other.
The Caribbean music area includes all the islands of the Caribbean, including Cuba, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Anguilla, Martinique, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, the mainland South American countries of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are generally grouped with the Caribbean countries, as is the non-Caribbean island nation of the Bahamas. The island of Bermuda is not Caribbean, and its folk music is little studied; for convenience, it is included herein though it may or may not be typical of the Caribbean music area.
| Country | Elements | Dance | Instrumentation | Other topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiguan and Barbudan[1][2] | benna - iron band | Highland fling - quadrille | banjar - bass drum - boompipe - kettle drum - toombah - triangle | Old Time Christmas Festival |
| Aruban | See Dutch Antillean | – | – | – |
| Bahamian[3] | ant'em - goombay - junkanoo - rake-and-scrape - rhyming spiritual - ring-play - shape-note | quadrille - ring-dance - Heel-Toe-Polka | goombay - guitar - maraca - saw - banjo - accordion - Harmonica - cowbells - Trumpet | Obeah |
| Barbadian[4] | tuk band | hornpipe - Jean and Johnnie - jig - march | banjo - bones - bow-fiddle - calabash - cymbal - guitar - pump - rook jaw - shak-shak - shukster - snare drum - triangle - tum tum | crop over - Landship - tea meeting |
| Bermuda | ballad | Gombey | bagpipe - fife - gombey - guitar - kettle drum - snare drum | |
| Bonaire | See Dutch Antillean | – | – | – |
| Carriacou | See Grenada | – | – | – |
| Cayman Islander[5] | Christmas carol - serenade | accordion - drum - fiddle - grater - mouth organ | Batabano - Pirate's Week | |
| Cuban[6][7][8][9][10][11] | afro - - bembé - bolero - bunga - canción - chambelona - changüí - cierre - cinquillo - cocoyé - criolla - décima - diana - fragaya - guaracha - guajira - habanera - kiribá - lloraos - martillo - montuno - nengones - pregón - punto guajiro - repique - rumba - salamaleco - son - sucu-sucu - tonada - toque - tumbao | areito - bembé - chuchumbé - columbia - contradanza - danón - guaguancó - guaracha - makúa - makuta - maní - mañunga - masón - quadrille - rumba - sucu-sucu - tango congo - yambú - yuba - yuka - zapateo | aberikula - agogós - bandora - bandurria - batá - biankomé - bocú - bongo - bongó del monte - bonkoenchemiyá - botija - bulá - cajón - catá - cencerro - chachá - chaworó - chekere - cheré - claves - conga - cornetas chinas - ekwé - efí - efó - enú - güiro - guagua - guataca - guayo - guitar - ilú - itótele - judíos batá - junga - kinfuiti - kuchí-yeremá - laúd - maraca - marimbula - maruga - ngoma - nkembi - obí-apá - ogán - okónkolo - pailas - palito - quinto - segon - segundo - sese eribó - tingo talango - tiple - tres - tumba - tumbadore | abakuá - aché - arará - cabildo - Casa de la Trova - clave - comparsa - controversia - iremes - iyesá - ñáñigos - Palo - piquete - potencias - plantes - sandunga - Santería - toque - trovadore - tumba francesca |
| Curaçao | See Dutch Antillean | – | – | – |
| Dominica[12][13] | bélé - caristo - chanté mas - jing ping - kont | bidjin (biguine) - flirtation - lancer - mazourk (mazurka) - mereng (merengue) - polka pil (pure polka) - quadrille - sotis (schottische) - vals o vyenn (Viennese waltz) | chakchak (maracas) - lapo kabwit (drums) - tanbou bélé - triangle (tingting) | lavèyé |
| Dominican Republic[6][7][11][14] | bachata - gagá - jaleo - merengue - merengue típico cibaeño - perico ripiao | merengue | accordion - cuatro - güira - guayo - güiro - marimba - palo - tambora drum - vaksin | misterios - velacione |
| Dutch Antillean[15][16] | belua - dan simadan - remailo - seú - tambú - tumba | bari - tambú - wapa | agan (iron or ploughshare) - bastèl (calabash) - chapi (hoe) - conga (drum) - guitar - kachu (cow's horn) - karko - quarta - tambú (drum) - triangle - wiri | Simadan |
| French Guianese[17] | awassa - cassé-co - kawina - mato - songé - soussa | bigi poku | ||
| Grenadan[18][19] | cantique - chantey - lullaby - saraca | big drum - heel-and-toe polka - picquet - quadrille - reel | boula - cut drum | Carriacou nations - saraca - Tombstone Feast |
| Guadeloupe[6][7][11][20] | gwo ka | boula - gwo ka - markeur (maké) | lewoz - masquerade - mizik vidé | |
| Haitian[6][7][11][21][22] | kongo - ibo - mereng - méringue - quintolet - ra-ra - ti - yanvalou | carabinier - chica - gragement - juba - menwat - méringue | big - boula - graj - guitar - kóné - lanbi - mamman - marimba - mosquito drum - ogan - segon - shekere - tambou - tcha-tcha - vaksin | bann rara - Haitian Carnival - majó jonk - Rada - Petwo - twoubadou - Vodou |
| Indo-Caribbean[7][23] | bhajan - birha - chautal - dingolay - gali - matkor (matticore) - maulud - nirgun (funereal song) - qasida - sohar - tan - tassa | matkor (matticore) | dhantal - dholak - tabla - tassa | Mariamman theater - Hossay - pandit - phagwa - picong |
| Jamaican[6][7][11] | baccra - burru - etu - gumbe - kumina - mento - nyabhingi - ring play - tambu | mento | banjo - bongo - fife - funde - guitar - kalimba | jonkonnu - grounation - Pocomania - Revival Zion |
| Kittitian and Nevisian[24][25] | big drum - iron band | big drum | baha (blown metal pipe) - fife - guitar - quarto - shack-shack (tin can with beads inside) - triangle | tea meeting |
| Lucian[26][27] | blòtjé - chanté abwè - chanté kont (jwé chanté) - chanté siay - gém - jwé - jwé dansé - Kélé drumming - kont - koutoumba - listwa - sankey - séwinal | bélè - comette - débòt (circle dance) - dézyèm fidji - faci - grande ronde (gwan won) - jwé pòté (circle dance) - koutoumba - kwadril (quadrille) - lakonmèt (mazurka, mazouk) - latwiyèm fidji (avantwa, lanmen dwèt) - manpa (maynan) - moulala - omans (waltz) - polka - pwémyé fidji - schottische - solo (couple dance) - yonbòt (circle dance) | baha (wooden trumpet) - banjo - bwa poye (skroud banjo) - chak-chak (rattle) - cuatro - fiddle - guitar - gwaj (scraper) - ka - mandolin - tambourine (tanbouwen) - tibwa - zo (bones) | chantwèl - Kélé - La Marguerite - La Rose - lang dévivé - wibòt |
| Martinican[6][7][11][20] | biguine vidé - chouval bwa - groups à pied - gwo ka - ti bwa | bélè - biguine - manege | accordion - bélè - bell - clarinet - chacha (rattle) - flute - kazoo - tanbour - tanbou débonda - tibwa - trombone | lewoz - masquerade |
| Montserratian[28][29] | jumbie | bam-chick-lay - country dance (goatskin, drum dance) - jumbie - polka - quadrille | accordion - babala (jumbie drum, tambourine) - bagpipe - boom pipe - fife (pulley) - French reel (skin drum, woowoo, jumbie drum) - gradge - shak-shak - triangle - cuatro (yokolee, ukulele) | obeah - rum shop |
| Puerto Rican[6][7][11][30] | aguinaldo - bomba - copla (music) - danza - jíbaro - plena - requinto - seis - tipica | bomba | bomba - bongo - conga - cowbell - cuatro - güiro - maraca - pandereta - requinto - seguidora | controversia - parranda - trovador |
| Surinamese[7][8][20][23] | aleko - badji - birha - bigi poku - kaseko - kawina - lonsei - matkor (matticore) - tan - Baithak Gana | kawina | dhantal - dholak - djas - hari kawina - koti kawina - kwatro - papai benta - rattle - skratji - timbal | ampuku - kumanti - obia pee - vodu - Winti |
| Trinidadian and Tobagonian[6][7] | bamboula - bele - calypso - gayap - juba - lavway - parang - steelpan | calinda | bandolin - bo - cuatro - dhantal - dholak - omele - steelpan - tassa | calypso tent - camboulay - chantwell - Jamette - j'ouvert - picong - Shango - Trinidad and Tobago Carnival |
| Turks and Caicos[31] | ripsaw | accordion - glass bottle - box guitar - musical saw - concertina - conch horn - conga drum - harmonica - maraca - mouth organ - triangle | ||
| Vincentian[32][33] | bele - Big Drum - string band | big drum - quadrille | Big Drum | chantwell - Vincy mas |
| Virgin Islander[34] | bamboula - cariso - scratch (fungi) band - quelbe (quelbay)-iron bands- masquerade | jig - quadrille (Imperial Quadrille, Flat German Quadrille)-Bamboula | accordion - ass pipe - banjo - flute - drum (double-headed barrel) - gourd - guitar - squash - tambourine - ukulele - violin - washboard | David and Goliath - masquerade - tea meeting |
- ^ McDaniel, Lorna, "Antigua and Barbuda" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, pp. 798–800
- ^ "Calypso". Antigua and Barbuda's Cultural Heritage. Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- ^ Kaliss, "Junkanoo and Sloop John B.", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 317–324
- ^ Janice Millington, "Barbados", in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2, pp. 813–821
- ^ "Christmas Traditions in the Cayman Islands". Caymannet News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2003. Retrieved July 20, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Manuel, Popular Musics
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Manuel, Caribbean Currents
- ^ a b Turino, "Sub-Saharan Africa" in Excursions in World Music
- ^ Fairley, Jan, "¡Que Rico Bailo Yo! How Well I Dance" and "Troubadours Old and New", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 386–407 and 408–413
- ^ Leymarie, Isabelle 2002. Cuban fire: the story of salsa and Latin jazz. Continuum, London. pp. 9 - 43
- ^ a b c d e f g World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Dominica's Quadrilles". Division of Culture. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- ^ Jocelyne Guilbault, "Dominica", in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2, pp. 840-844
- ^ Harvey, Sean and Sue Steward, "Merengue Attacks", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 414–420
- ^ "Curaçao's Culture". Curaçao Culture and Folklore. Archived from the original on December 3, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- ^ Charles De Ledesma Charles and Gene Scaramuzzo, "Dance-Funk Creole-Style" in the World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp. 289-303
- ^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents, pp. 221–231
- ^ "Caribbean Voyage: Carriacou Calaloo". Musical Traditions. Retrieved September 9, 2005.
- ^ "Tombstone - Big Drum - Saraca". Paradise Inn. Archived from the original on August 31, 2005. Retrieved September 10, 2005.
- ^ a b c de Ledesma, Charles and Gene Scaramuzzo, "Dance-Funk Creole-Style", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 289–303
- ^ Harvey, Sean and Sue Steward, "Merengue Attacks" and "Compas Points", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 414–420 and pp. 421–429
- ^ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music
- ^ a b Manuel, Peter (2001). "Indo-Caribbean Music". Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. New York and London: Garland Publishing. pp. 813–818. ISBN 0-8240-6040-7.
- ^ "SKNVibes". St. Kitts - Nevis Carnival History. Retrieved December 5, 2005.
- ^ "Caribbean Voyage: Nevis & St Kitts". Musical Traditions. Retrieved December 5, 2005.
- ^ Campbell, David (1997). "Musical Traditions of St Lucia". Musical Traditions. Retrieved May 7, 2006.
- ^ Jocelyne Guilbault, "Saint Lucia" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
- ^ "Music of Montserrat". Montserrat First, Montserrat Chamber of Commerce & Industry (MCCI) Inc. Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2005.
- ^ John Mesener, "Montserrat", in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, pp. 922-926
- ^ Sweeney, Philip, "Not Quite the 52nd State", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 481–487
- ^ "Ripsaw Music and Our Cultural Heritage". Times of the Islands. Archived from the original on April 15, 2005. Retrieved June 18, 2006.
- ^ "The Arts and Literature". Cultural Profiles Project. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2005.
- ^ "Holidays". Cultural Profiles Project. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2005.
- ^ Sheehy, Daniel, "The Virgin Islands" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean