Limahong information

Limahong
Limahong
Traditional Chinese	林阿鳳
Simplified Chinese	林阿凤
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Lín Āfèng
Wade–Giles	Lin2 A1-fêng4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Lîm A-hōng
Teochew Peng'im	Lim⁵ A¹hong⁶
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	林鳳
Simplified Chinese	林凤
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Lín Fèng
Wade–Giles	Lin2 Fêng4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Lîm Hōng
Teochew Peng'im	Lim⁵ Hong⁶

Limahong
Limahong
林阿鳳
Born	Raoping, Chaozhou, Great Ming
Occupation(s)	Pirate, warlord
Years active	1571-1589
Opponents	Spanish Empire; Ming dynasty;

Limahong, Lim Hong, or Lin Feng (Teochew Chinese: 林鳳, Pe̍h-ūe-jī:Lîm Hõng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm Hōng), well known as Ah Hong (Teochew Chinese: 阿鳳, Pe̍h-ūe-jī:A-hõng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: A-hōng) or Lim-A-Hong or Limahon (Teochew Chinese: 林阿鳳, Pe̍h-ūe-jī:Lîm A-hõng, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm A-hōng), was a Chinese pirate and warlord who invaded the northern Philippine islands in 1574. He built up a reputation for his constant raids to ports in Guangdong, Fujian and southern China. He is noted to have twice attempted, and failed, to invade the Spanish city of Manila in 1574.

^ Shutz, J. Travis (2019). "Limahong's pirates, Ming mariners, and early Sino– Spanish relations: The Pangasinan Campaign of 1575 and global history from below". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 67 (3–4): 315–342. doi:10.1353/phs.2019.0019. ISSN 2244-1638. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
^ 林, 仁川 (1987). 明末清初私人海上貿易. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社 : 新华书店上海发行所发行.
^ Cite error: The named reference Igawa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Shutz, J. Travis (2019). "Limahong's pirates, Ming mariners, and early Sino– Spanish relations: The Pangasinan Campaign of 1575 and global history from below". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 67 (3–4): 315–342. doi:10.1353/phs.2019.0019. ISSN 2244-1638. Retrieved 2023-10-04.

[2] 林, 仁川 (1987). 明末清初私人海上貿易. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社 : 新华书店上海发行所发行.

[Igawa-3] Cite error: The named reference Igawa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Limahong information

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Limahong
林阿鳳
Born	Raoping, Chaozhou, Great Ming^[1]^: 317^[2]^: 110
Occupation(s)	Pirate, warlord
Years active	1571-1589^[3]
Opponents	Spanish Empire Ming dynasty

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