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A liberal autocracy is a non-democratic government that follows the principles of liberalism.[1] Until the 20th century, most countries in Western Europe were "liberal autocracies, or at best, semi-democracies".[2] One example of a "classic liberal autocracy" was the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[3] According to Fareed Zakaria, a more recent example is Hong Kong until 1 July 1997, which was ruled by the British Crown. He says that until 1991 "it had never held a meaningful election, but its government epitomized constitutional liberalism, protecting its citizens' basic rights and administering a fair court system and bureaucracy".[4]
The existence of real liberties in many of these autocracies is very questionable. For instance, 19th century autocracies often abolished feudal institutions like serfdom, guilds, privileges for the nobility and inequality before the law, but freedom of speech and freedom of association were at best limited. As such, liberal autocracy often preceded various forms of electoral democracy in the evolution of these nations, being much more open than feudal monarchies, but less free than modern liberal democracies. Hong Kong is arguably a special case, where during the latter stages of British colonial rule there was considerable freedom of speech and freedom of association, but also the common knowledge that China would not allow an independent state with free elections. It was also suggested that since 2005 Egypt has been leaning towards liberal autocracy.[5]
^Plattner, Marc F. (1998). "Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One without the Other". Foreign Affairs. 77 (2). Council on Foreign Relations: 171–180. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20048858. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
^Zakaria, Fareed (November/December 1997). "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy". Foreign Affairs. Archived 15 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^Myers, Sondra (2002). The Democracy Reader. IDEA. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-9702130-3-7.
^Zakaria, Fareed (1997). "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy". Foreign Affairs. 76 (6). Council on Foreign Relations: 22–43. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20048274. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
^"Liberal Autocracy in Egypt". Brookings Institution. 24 June 2008. Archived 1 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
A liberalautocracy is a non-democratic government that follows the principles of liberalism. Until the 20th century, most countries in Western Europe...
democracy and autocracy. These include limited autocracy, semi-autocracy, liberalautocracy, semi-liberalautocracy, anocracy, and electoral autocracy. These...
countries in Western Europe were "liberalautocracies, or at best, semi-democracies". One example of a "classic liberalautocracy" was the Austro-Hungarian Empire...
of the motives of those who surround him. Benevolent dictatorship Liberalautocracy Noblesse oblige Philosopher king Social imperialism Soft despotism...
political equality, right to private property and equality before the law. Liberals espouse various and often mutually warring views depending on their understanding...
still be seen as a liberal democracy. Some argue that this is only quantitatively (not qualitatively) different from autocracies that persecute opponents...
Tsarist autocracy[a] (Russian: царское самодержавие, romanized: tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy...
semi-authoritarianism or hybrid authoritarianism or electoral authoritarianism or liberalautocracy or delegative democracy or illiberal democracy or guided democracy...
Liberals Under Autocracy: Modernization and Civil Society in Russia, 1866–1904 is a book by Anton A. Fedyashin about Vestnik Evropy and Russian liberalism...
2011. Boris Kagarlitsky (2002). Russia under Yeltsin and Putin: neo-liberalautocracy (illustrated ed.). Pluto Press. p. 234. ISBN 0-7453-1507-0. Retrieved...
authoritarian capitalism, as many have claimed.[citation needed] Liberalautocracy Illiberal democracy Neoauthoritarianism (China) Authoritarian socialism...
Press, 2000, ISBN 074531581X Russia Under Yeltsin and Putin: Neo-LiberalAutocracy, Pluto Press, 2002, ISBN 0745315070 The Politics of Empire: Globalisation...
online[dead link] Kagarlitsky, Boris. Russia Under Yeltsin and Putin: Neo-LiberalAutocracy (2002) Kimura, Hiroshi. Japanese-Russian Relations Under Gorbachev...
H. H. Asquith respectively Liberalism portal LiberalautocracyLiberal democracy Liberal Party Liberal Party leadership election List of Australian ministries...
LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (Russian: ЛДПР — Либерально-демократическая партия России, romanized: LDPR — Liberalno-demokraticheskaya partiya...
semi-authoritarianism or hybrid authoritarianism or electoral authoritarianism or liberalautocracy or delegative democracy or illiberal democracy or guided democracy...
democracy Indic cultural sphere Integral humanism (India) Japanese values Liberalautocracy Nihonjinron National conservatism Pan-Asianism Philippine–American...
manifesto rejected the more liberal reforms of his father (and some of his father's ministers) in favor of "unshakable autocracy" which had been given to...
the polar cases of autocracy and liberal democracy. In both cases, the costs of war are assumed to be borne by the people. In autocracy, the autocrat receives...
establishing a bureaucracy. This tradition of absolutism, known as Tsarist autocracy, was expanded by Catherine II the Great and her descendants. Although...
staunch supporter of the House of Romanov and opposed any retreat from the autocracy of the reigning monarch. The name arose from the medieval concept of "black"...
gained momentum in the beginning of the 20th century. The bastion of autocracy, the Russian Tsar, was overthrown in the first phase of the Russian Revolution...
modern-day Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus, the Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, and the Liberal Democratic...