Excess lead in soil and water of Oakland, California
Lead contamination in Oakland represents a serious and persistent public health threat. Lead contamination in modern Oakland comes from three primary sources: remnants from previous industry, deposits from leaded gasoline, and paint chips from leaded paints.[1][2] Significant portions of the City of Oakland, California have soil lead levels far in excess of 400 ppm, the level at which the US EPA suggests remedial action be taken, and far higher than 80 ppm, the level at which California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment suggests action should be taken.[3] Not all areas of Oakland are affected equally: West Oakland's contamination is especially severe, particularly near the former Oakland Army Base, and many of Oakland's poorer neighborhoods also suffer disproportionately (since residents often lack the socioeconomic resources to remediate their lawns, or even to repaint their houses).[4]
High blood levels of lead have been linked to a wide variety of health problems, including severe gastrointestinal, neuromuscular, and neurological symptoms.[5][6] These problems are especially significant in children, and childhood lead poisoning can lead to behavioral problems, developmental disorders, and permanent decreases in IQ.[5]
^Young, Stephanie (2012-07-09), "Battling lead contamination, one fish bone at a time", Coast Guard Compass, United States Coast Guard, archived from the original on 2013-06-14, retrieved 11 August 2013
^Eisler, Peter. "Ghost Factories: Smelting and Lead Contamination". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^Young, Alison (10 March 2013). "EPA fails to revise key lead-poisoning hazard standards". USA Today. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^McClintock, Nathan (1 November 2012). "Assessing soil lead contamination at multiple scales in Oakland, California: Implications for urban agriculture and environmental justice". Applied Geography. 35 (1–2): 460–473. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.10.001.
^ ab"Lead poisoning". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. NIH. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^Cite error: The named reference onorth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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