Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea in Greece, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about twenty submarine volcanic cones extending to the northeast from Santorini,[1] it is about 3 km in diameter with a crater 1.5 km across.[2] It first noticed by humans when it breached the sea surface in 1649-50. The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program treats it as part of the Santorini volcano,[3] though at least one source maintains that it is a separate magmatic system.[4]
The 1650 explosion, which occurred when the accumulating cone reached the surface, sent pyroclastic flows across the sea surface to the shores and slopes of Santorini, where about seventy people and many animals died. A small ring of white pumice that formed was rapidly eroded away by wave action. The volcano collapsed into its caldera, triggering a tsunami that caused damage on nearby islands up to 150 km distant.[5] The highest parts of the crater rim are now about 10 m below sea level.
In 2006, sea floor pyroclastic deposits from the two Aegean explosions were explored, sampled and mapped by an expedition by NOAA Ocean Explorer, equipped with ROV robotics.
The crater floor, averaging about 505 m below the sea surface, is marked in its northeast area by a field of hydrothermal vents and covered by a thick bacterial community, the 2006 NOAA expedition discovered. Superheated (measured as hot as 224 °C) metal-enriched water issuing from the vents has built chimneys of polymetallic sulfide/sulfates to a maximum height of 4 m, apparently accumulated since the 1650 event.
The 2006 expedition initiated new seismic air-gun techniques in order to determine the volume and distribution of the submarine volcanic deposit of pumice and ash on the sea floor around Santorini, which has been studied extensively since 1975. Revised, more accurate estimates of the total dense rock equivalent volume of the Minoan event(s), consisting of pyroclastic sea floor deposits, distal ash fallout and ignimbrites on the island of Santorini, is likely about 60 km3, a greatly increased estimate,[6] comparable to the largest historic explosion, Mount Tambora 1815; the increased estimate affects the size of the ensuing tsunami as it has been widely modeled.
In October 2022 it was announced that a previously undetected magma chamber had been discovered approximately 2 to 4 km below sea level in the Kolumbo underwater volcano. Scientists had determined that it is gradually filling with melt. Although an eruption is not imminent, it does pose a threat which has prompted them to recommend real-time monitoring of the volcano.[7]
^Ref. University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo
^Most of the information in this article is derived from the on-line reports of the NOAA Ocean Explorer, in References.
^"Santorini". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
^Klaver, Martijn; Carey, Steven; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Smet, Ingrid; Godelitsas, Athanasios; Vroon, Pieter (2016). "A distinct source and differentiation history for Kolumbo submarine volcano, Santorini volcanic field, Aegean arc". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 17 (8). American Geophysical Union: 3254–3273. Bibcode:2016GGG....17.3254K. doi:10.1002/2016GC006398. PMC 5114867. PMID 27917071.
^Ref. University of Rhode Island: Kolumbo; Fouqué 1879
^Compare Sigurdsson et al. 1990.
^Chrapkiewicz, K.; Paulatto, M.; Heath, B. A.; Hooft, E. E. E.; Nomikou, P.; Papazachos, C. B.; Schmid, F.; Toomey, D. R.; Warner, M. R.; Morgan, J. V. (2022). "Magma Chamber Detected Beneath an Arc Volcano With Full-Waveform Inversion of Active-Source Seismic Data". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 23 (11). American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2022GGG....2310475C. doi:10.1029/2022GC010475. S2CID 253104406.
Kolumbo is an active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea in Greece, about 8 km northeast of Cape Kolumbo, Santorini island. The largest of a line of about...
Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo volcanic field, which comprises the extinct Christiana Volcano, the Santorini Caldera, the polygenetic submarine Kolumbo Volcano, as...
is Mahony, produced by Frey. A similar product is the Croatian product Kolumbo, made by factory Kraš from Zagreb. This chocolate is also composed of pyramids...
series) as Josip Kolumbo Episode #1.6 (1981) … Josip Kolumbo Episode #1.4 (1981) … Josip Kolumbo Episode #1.3 (1981) … Josip Kolumbo Episode #1.2 (1981)...
Magoulas, Antonios; Castillo, Alain; Lampridou, Danai (17 June 2016). "Kolumbo submarine volcano (Greece): An active window into the Aegean subduction...
defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie. September 27 – The Kolumbo volcano on Santorini experiences a massive eruption (VEI 6). September...
during the Minoan eruption of Santorini in 1638 BC, the 1650 eruption of Kolumbo and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Tsunamis caused by earthquakes preceding...
"pigeon, dove", whose older etymology comes from the Ancient Greek κόλυμβος (kolumbos), "a diver", from κολυμβάω (kolumbao), "dive, plunge headlong, swim". Aristophanes...
Alban Mountains is a complex maar, and there is also a submarine maar (Kolumbo) near Santorini in Greece. The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field in Spain...
"pigeon, dove", whose older etymology comes from the Ancient Greek κόλυμβος (kolumbos), "a diver", from κολυμβάω (kolumbao), "dive, plunge headlong, swim". Aristophanes...
were killed in shooting exchange with gendarmerie on 27 July 1929. Josip Kolumbo (1905, Kutjevo), political with Popović as organisation secretary between...
Aegina, Methana, Milos, Santorini and Kolumbo, Kos, Nisyros and Yali, and Akyarlar. Of these, only Santorini, Kolumbo, and Nisyros have either erupted or...
D. Papanikolaou "Spatio-temporal evolution of the Christiana-Santorini-Kolumbo volcanic field, Aegean Sea", Geology, 2021. Walter L. Friedrich, Santorini:...
begins of Johann Bauhin's Historia plantarum universalis at Yverdon. The Kolumbo underwater volcano in the Aegean Sea is discovered when it bursts from...
located on the northern part of the island of Santorini, between Cape Kolumbo to the north and Cape Skaros to the immediate south. The volcanic ridge...
Film Year Title Role Notes 1970 Naše malo misto Kolumbo 1971 Kuda idu divlje svinje a men from caffe bar 1975 Vrijeme ratno i poratno 1977 Nikola Tesla...
has encountered rivals during its 111 year history, including a similar Kolumbo bar in Croatia, and Swiss company Chocolate Frey's triangular Mahony bars...
wrote a series of avant-garde dramas called Kraljevo (King), Kristofor Kolumbo (Christopher Columbus), Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo) and poetry...
Ljetni hit Sarma Rigoletto Pjevajte nešto ljubavno Princeza Kristofor Kolumbo Utjeha kose - Comfort of Hair (Antun Gustav Matoš) poem, Trening za umiranje...
Guinea), northeast of New Guinea 1660 ±20 6 30 km3 (7.2 cu mi) of tephra Kolumbo, Santorini, Greece 1650, Sep 27 6 60 km3 (14.4 cu mi) of tephra Huaynaputina...
defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie. September 27 – The Kolumbo volcano on Santorini experiences a massive eruption (VEI 6). September...
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