Kerma was the capital city of the Kerma culture, which was located in present-day Sudan at least 5,500 years ago[when?].[1][2] Kerma is one of the largest archaeological sites in ancient Nubia. It has produced decades of extensive excavations and research, including thousands of graves and tombs and the residential quarters of the main city surrounding the Western/Lower Deffufa.
The locale that is now Kerma was first settled by hunter-gatherers around 8350 BC, during the Mesolithic. Between 5550 BC and 5150 BC, the site was mostly abandoned, possibly due to decreased Nile flow during this time interval. A second hiatus in occupation occurred between 4050 BC and 3450 BC, likely as a result of minimal flow from the White Nile.[3] Around 3000 BC, agriculture developed and a cultural tradition began around Kerma.[4][5] Kerma later developed into a large urban center that was built around a large adobe temple known as the Western Deffufa.[1] A state society formed between 2550 BC and 1550 BC, with a significant decrease in cattle breeding being evidenced by the archaeological record around 1750 BC.[3] Evidence for copper metallurgy appears from c. 2200-2000 BC.[6] As a capital city and location of royal burials, Kerma sheds light on the complex social structure present in this society.
^ abEmberling, Geoff (2011). Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-615-48102-9.
^Bonnet, Charles (2003). The Nubian Pharaohs. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 16–26. ISBN 978-977-416-010-3.
^ abHonegger, Matthieu; Williams, Martin (15 December 2015). "Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 130: 141–154. Bibcode:2015QSRv..130..141H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.031. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^Honegger, Matthieu (2014). Aux origines des pharaons noirs, 10'000 ans d'archéologie en Nubie. Latenium. p. 50. ISBN 978-2-9700394-7-1. c'est à partir de 3000 av. J.-C. avec la culture Pré-Kerma que l'on dispose à nouveau d'informations, grâce à la fouille de quelques établissements. … Les échanges avec l'Egypte sont encore rares dans cette société qui commence à pratiquer une agriculture plus intensive supposant le recours à l'irrigation, tout en maintenant sa tradition pastorale héritée du Néolithique." English translation: "it is from 3000 BC with the Pre-Kerma culture that we again have information, thanks to the excavation of a few establishments. ... Exchanges with Egypt were still rare in this society which was beginning to practice more intensive agriculture requiring the use of irrigation, while maintaining its pastoral tradition inherited from the Neolithic.
^Le Moyne, C.; et al. (2023). "Ecological flexibility and adaptation to past climate change in the Middle Nile Valley: A multiproxy investigation of dietary shifts between the Neolithic and Kerma periods at Kadruka 1 and Kadruka 21". PLOS ONE. 18 (2): e0280347. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880347L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280347. PMC 9894462. PMID 36730175. Convincing evidence for local agricultural production is associated with the later pre-Kerma period (3500–2500 BCE) with site 8-B-52A on Sai Island consisting of numerous storage pits in which macrobotanical crop remains were occasionally preserved.
^Chirikure, Shadreck (2015). Metals in Past Societies. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. Springer. p. 19. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11641-9. ISBN 978-3-319-11640-2.
Kerma was the capital city of the Kerma culture, which was located in present-day Sudan at least 5,500 years ago[when?]. Kerma is one of the largest archaeological...
The Kerma culture or Kerma kingdom was an early civilization centered in Kerma, Sudan. It flourished from around 2500 BC to 1500 BC in ancient Nubia. The...
was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, the Kerma culture, which lasted from around 2500 BC until its conquest by the New...
incomplete list of monarchs of Kerma, known collectively in Middle Kingdom Egyptian texts as Hkꜣr. The Kingdom of Kerma existed as an independent state...
complex societies that engaged in trade and industry. The city-state of Kerma emerged as the dominant political force between 2450 and 1450 BC, controlling...
names, including Ancient Egyptian: tꜣ stj "Land of the Bow", tꜣ nḥsj, jꜣm "Kerma", jrṯt, sṯjw, wꜣwꜣt, Meroitic: akin(e) "Lower "Nubia", and Greek Aethiopia...
The Kerma Basin is a fertile low-lying area just below the Third Cataract of the Nile in Northern State, Sudan. Extending over a distance of about 60...
related to Kerma Museum. The Kerma Museum is an archeological site museum located in front of the Western Deffufa on the archaeological site of Kerma, in the...
sites in northern Sudan. The C-Group culture was related to the Kerma Culture. Kerma was settled around 2400 BCE. It was a walled city containing a religious...
of ancient Africa, including the Kerma culture, the kingdom of Kush, Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia. The Kingdom of Kerma was the first great power in Nubia...
Ingrid Kerma (born 1942) is a German artist. She was born in Eberswalde, near Berlin in 1942 and went on to study at Reading University from 1972 to 1976...
The largest tombs at Kerma measured nearly 300 feet in diameter. Kerma's army was mostly built around archers. The city of Kerma also had workshops specializing...
El Kerma (Arabic: الإتحاد الرياضي لبلدية الكرمة), known as IRB El Kerma or simply IRBEK for short, is an Algerian football club based in El Kerma. The...
the DAP increases to 100 mGy·cm2, which is four times the previous value. Kerma area product (KAP) is a related quantity, which for all practical radiation...
El Kerma is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 13,637. Algeria portal Statoids 35°37′N...
During the Egyptian invasion of Kerma in 1504 BC, the Egyptian king Thutmose I invaded Kerma to remove the growing danger and be able to directly obtain...
Singapura as a subject of Majapahit in 1365. During his reign, Rana Wira Kerma established a diplomatic ties with a Sumatran Muslim kingdom, Peureulak...
of Tantamani, Kerma Museum Yet another statue of Tantamani, Kerma Museum Tanotamun portrait in Kerma Museum Tantamani, in profile. Kerma Museum Tantamani...
elements of their practices via the burials of A Group, Napata, C Group, Kerma and via writings after many Nubians adopted the Egyptian language during...
Ghana, northern Nigeria, Mali) and Nile Valley (e.g., Ballana, Qustul, Kerma, Kush). Based on artifacts found in the tumuli from West Africa and Nubia...
and neighbouring Nubian culture since its respective predynastic and Pre-Kerma origins. In the Levant, artifacts that could be arrow-shaft straighteners...
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