Kaluga (Russian: Калу́га, IPA:[kɐˈɫuɡə]) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It stands on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.[14]
Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: Колыбель Космонавтики, Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki ("The Cradle of Space-Exploration").
^ abcdeCite error: The named reference Ref174 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Из фразы Гагарина в столице сделали артобъект
^Representative bodies of the municipality City of Kaluga
^Губернатор произвел кадровые перестановки (in Russian). vest-news.ru. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^Устав муниципального образования "Город Калуга" (in Russian). kaluga-gov.ru. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^Калуги стало больше Калужский перекрёсток, 14 апреля 2011
^Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
^ abCite error: The named reference Ref274 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
^Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
^Phcode.ru
^День города перенесли в Калуге Калужский перекрёсток, 22 апреля 2015
^Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
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