Global InformationJupiter information
 Jupiter captured by New Horizons space probe. The small spot on top of Jupiter is the shadow cast by its moon Ganymede. | |||||||||||||
| Designations | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ˈdʒuːpɪtər/ ⓘ[1] | ||||||||||||
Named after | Jupiter | ||||||||||||
| Adjectives | Jovian /ˈdʒoʊviən/ | ||||||||||||
| Symbol |  | ||||||||||||
| Orbital characteristics[2] | |||||||||||||
| Epoch J2000 | |||||||||||||
| Aphelion | 5.4570 AU (816.363 million km) | ||||||||||||
| Perihelion | 4.9506 AU (740.595 million km) | ||||||||||||
Semi-major axis | 5.2038 AU (778.479 million km) | ||||||||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.0489 | ||||||||||||
Orbital period (sidereal) |
| ||||||||||||
Orbital period (synodic) | 398.88 d | ||||||||||||
Average orbital speed | 13.07 km/s (8.12 mi/s) | ||||||||||||
Mean anomaly | 20.020°[4] | ||||||||||||
| Inclination |
| ||||||||||||
Longitude of ascending node | 100.464° | ||||||||||||
Time of perihelion | 21 January 2023[6] | ||||||||||||
Argument of perihelion | 273.867°[4] | ||||||||||||
| Known satellites | 95 (as of 2023[update])[7] | ||||||||||||
| Physical characteristics[2][8][9] | |||||||||||||
Mean radius | 69,911 km (43,441 mi)[a] 10.973 of Earth's | ||||||||||||
Equatorial radius | 71,492 km (44,423 mi)[a] 11.209 R🜨 (of Earth's) 0.10045 R☉ (of Sun's) | ||||||||||||
Polar radius | 66,854 km (41,541 mi)[a] 10.517 of Earth's | ||||||||||||
| Flattening | 0.06487 | ||||||||||||
Surface area | 6.1469×1010 km2 (2.3733×1010 sq mi) 120.4 of Earth's | ||||||||||||
| Volume | 1.4313×1015 km3 (3.434×1014 cu mi)[a] 1,321 of Earth's | ||||||||||||
| Mass | 1.8982×1027 kg (4.1848×1027 lb)
| ||||||||||||
Mean density | 1.326 g/cm3 (0.0479 lb/cu in)[b] | ||||||||||||
Equatorial surface gravity | 24.79 m/s2 (81.3 ft/s2)[a] 2.528 g | ||||||||||||
Moment of inertia factor | 0.2756±0.0006[11] | ||||||||||||
Equatorial escape velocity | 59.5 km/s (37.0 mi/s)[a] | ||||||||||||
Synodic rotation period | 9.9258 h (9 h 55 m 33 s)[3] | ||||||||||||
Sidereal rotation period | 9.9250 hours (9 h 55 m 30 s) | ||||||||||||
Equatorial rotation velocity | 12.6 km/s (7.8 mi/s; 45,000 km/h) | ||||||||||||
Axial tilt | 3.13° (to orbit) | ||||||||||||
North pole right ascension | 268.057°; 17h 52m 14s | ||||||||||||
North pole declination | 64.495° | ||||||||||||
Geometric albedo | 0.503 (Bond)[12] 0.538 (geometric)[13] | ||||||||||||
| Temperature | 88 K (−185 °C) (blackbody temperature) | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Apparent magnitude | −2.94[14] to −1.66[14] | ||||||||||||
Absolute magnitude (H) | −9.4[15] | ||||||||||||
Angular diameter | 29.8" to 50.1" | ||||||||||||
| Atmosphere[2] | |||||||||||||
Surface pressure | 200–600 kPa (30–90 psi) (opaque cloud deck)[16] | ||||||||||||
Scale height | 27 km (17 mi) | ||||||||||||
| Composition by volume |
| ||||||||||||
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. A gas giant, Jupiter's mass is more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined and slightly less than one one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.20 AU (778.5 Gm) with an orbital period of 11.86 years. It is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky after the Moon and Venus and has been observed since prehistoric times. Its name derives from Jupiter, the chief deity of ancient Roman religion.
Jupiter was the first planet to form, and its inward migration during the primordial Solar System impacted much of the formation history of the other planets. Hydrogen constitutes 90% of Jupiter's volume, followed by helium, which forms 25% of its mass and 10% of its volume. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Its internal structure is believed to consist of an outer mantle of fluid metallic hydrogen and a diffuse inner core of denser material. Because of its rapid rotation rate of one rotation per ten hours, Jupiter's shape is an oblate spheroid; it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. The most obvious result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that has been recorded since at least 1831.
Jupiter is surrounded by a faint planetary ring system and has a powerful magnetosphere, the second largest contiguous structure in the Solar System (after the heliosphere). Jupiter forms a system of 95 known moons and probably many more, including the four large moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet Mercury. Callisto is the second largest; Io and Europa are approximately the size of Earth's Moon.
Since 1973, Jupiter has been visited by nine robotic probes: seven flybys and two dedicated orbiters, with one more en route and one awaiting launch.
- ^ Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). "Jupiter". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861220-9.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
factwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
VSOP87was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Souami_Souchay_2012was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for January 2023 Perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Jupiter's planet-centre (599) occurs on 2023-Jan-21 at 4.9510113au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
SheppardMoonswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Hestroffer, Daniel; Hilton, James L.; Krasinsky, Georgij A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Oberst, Jürgen; Stooke, Philip J.; Tedesco, Edward F.; Tholen, David J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Williams, Iwan P. (2007). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. Bibcode:2007CeMDA..98..155S. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y.
- ^ de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). Planetary Sciences (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
- ^ "Astrodynamic Constants". JPL Solar System Dynamics. February 27, 2009. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
- ^ Ni, D. (2018). "Empirical models of Jupiter's interior from Juno data". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A32. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..32N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732183.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Li_et_alwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Mallama_et_alwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Mallama_and_Hiltonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ Bjoraker, G. L.; Wong, M. H.; de Pater, I.; Ádámkovics, M. (September 2015). "Jupiter's Deep Cloud Structure Revealed Using Keck Observations of Spectrally Resolved Line Shapes". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 10. arXiv:1508.04795. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810..122B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/122. S2CID 55592285. 122.
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