Nazi term referring to areas that are "free/clean of Jews"
"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – Parole der Woche, 1 July 1942 showing a yellow badge used by the Nazis to identify JewsSynagogue in German-occupied Bydgoszcz, Poland, September 1939. The inscription in German reads: "This city is free of Jews!"German map showing the number of Jewish executions carried out by Einsatzgruppe A in: Estonia (declared judenfrei), Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and RussiaAdvertisement for a café in Tübingen, describing itself as judenfrei
Judenfrei (German:[ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaɪ], "free of Jews") and judenrein (German:[ˈjuːdn̩ˌʁaɪn], "clean of Jews") are terms of Nazi origin to designate an area that has been "cleansed" of Jews during The Holocaust.[1]
While judenfrei refers merely to "freeing" an area of all of its Jewish inhabitants, the term judenrein (literally "clean of Jews") has the even stronger connotation that any trace of Jewish blood had been removed as an alleged impurity in the minds of the criminal perpetrators.[2] These terms of racial discrimination and racial abuse are intrinsic to Nazi anti-Semitism and were used by the Nazis in Germany before World War II and in occupied countries such as Poland in 1939. Judenfrei describes the local Jewish population having been removed from a town, region, or country by forced evacuation during the Holocaust, though many Jews were hidden by local people. Removal methods included forced re-housing in Nazi ghettos especially in eastern Europe, and forced removal or Resettlement to the East by German troops, often to their deaths. Most Jews were identified from late 1941 by the yellow badge as a result of pressure from Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler.
Following the defeat of Germany in 1945, some attempts have been made to attract Jewish people back to Germany, as well as reconstruct synagogues destroyed during and after Kristallnacht. The terms judenrein and judenfrei have since been used in the persecution of global Jewish communities or the nation of Israel.
^Scheffler, Wolfgang (2007). "Judenrein". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2 ed.). Thomson Gale.
^"Aryanization: Judenrein & Judenfrei". shoaheducation.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Judenfrei (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaɪ], "free of Jews") and judenrein (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌʁaɪn], "clean of Jews") are terms of Nazi origin to designate an area...
Anti-Freemason Exhibition in Belgrade the city was pronounced to be free of Jews (Judenfrei). On 1 April 1942, a Serbian Gestapo was formed. An estimated 120,000...
between 9 July 1941 and 19 September 1941 the city of Zhytomyr was made Judenfrei in three murder operations conducted by German and Ukrainian police in...
mass murder. Serbia became the second country (after Estonia) declared Judenfrei (free of Jews). In Greece, the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS encountered resistance...
became the second country in Europe, following Estonia, to be proclaimed Judenfrei (free of Jews). The Kingdom of Montenegro was an occupied territory under...
Europe. In May 1943, Germany was declared judenrein (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews). By the end of the war, an estimated 160,000 to 180,000...
camps and ghettos and rural districts were for the most part rendered Judenfrei (free of Jews). Jewish councils were set up in major cities and forced...
bis 1945, Gutenberg (1965): 44, 69. Kurt Jakob Ball-Kaduri, Berlin wird judenfrei: die Juden in Berlin in den Jahren 1942/1943, Saur (1973): 212–14. Marlis...
ISBN 0-679-77663-X Lebensraum, Aryanisation, Germanistion and Judenrein, Judenfrei: concepts in the holocaust or shoah[permanent dead link] Milton, Sybil...
German rubber industry. During the Nazi era, Gelnhausen was reported judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper Kinzigwacht after its synagogue...
Jewish population within each country; for example, Estonia is listed as Judenfrei (free of Jews), since the 4,500 Jews who remained in Estonia after the...
been "liquidated" and that Serbia was the first country in Europe to be Judenfrei; free of Jews. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, the National Bank of...
pro-Estonian conduct in hope to get them released. Estonia was declared Judenfrei quite early by the German occupation regime at the Wannsee Conference...
Hrvatski narod (Croatian People) the Ustaše proclaimed Varaždin the first Judenfrei city, i.e. "cleansed" of Jews. The historian Paul Mojzes lists 1,998 Jews...
Cambridge University Press, p. 142.[9] Manoschek, Walter (1995). "Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42...
summarizing murders committed by Einsatzgruppe A under his command: Estonia is "Judenfrei" (963 murdered); Latvia (35,238 murdered); Lithuania (138,421 murdered);...
majority maintained positive opinion about Jews. Estonia was declared Judenfrei quite early, at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, as the Jewish...
his troops co-operated with the Einsatzgruppen and the peninsula became Judenfrei – 90,000 to 100,000 Jews were killed. Manstein was sent to trial, convicted...
General Government. By November 1939 Danzig-West Prussia was declared "Judenfrei". It is estimated that up to 30,000 Jews from Polish areas annexed by...
Reichskommissariat Ostland until January 1942. The line of text reads: "Estimated number of Jews still on hand is 128,000". Estonia is marked Judenfrei....
Global Information
