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The Judaizers were a faction of the Jewish Christians, both of Jewish and non-Jewish origins, who regarded the Levitical laws of the Old Testament as still binding on all Christians.[1] They tried to enforce Jewish circumcision upon the Gentile converts to early Christianity and were strenuously opposed and criticized for their behavior by the Apostle Paul, who employed many of his epistles to refute their doctrinal positions.[1][2][3][4]
The term is derived from the Koine Greek word Ἰουδαΐζειν (Ioudaizein),[5] used once in the Greek New Testament (Galatians 2:14),[6] when Paul the Apostle publicly challenged the Apostle Peter for compelling Gentile converts to early Christianity to "judaize".[7][8] This episode is known as the incident at Antioch.
Most Christians believe that much of the Old Covenant has been superseded, and many believe it has been completely abrogated and replaced by the Law of Christ.[9] The Christian debate over Judaizing began in the lifetime of the apostles, notably at the Council of Jerusalem and the incident at Antioch.[2][3] It has been carried on parallel to continuing debates about Paul the Apostle and Judaism, Protestant views of the Ten Commandments, and Christian ethics.
^ abCross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 912. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
^ abDunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745.
^ abThiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". Novum Testamentum. 56 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–391. doi:10.1163/15685365-12341488. eISSN 1568-5365. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 24735868.
^Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. "Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 178–190. ISBN 9781032199344.
^Murray, Michele (2004). Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0889204010.
^Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). Reinhartz, Adele (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 462. doi:10.2307/3267745. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267745. Galatians 2:14: "how is it that you compel the Gentiles to judaize?" "To judaize" was a quite familiar expression, in the sense "to live like a Jew", "to adopt a distinctively Jewish way of life"-with reference to Gentiles taking up Jewish customs like observance of the sabbath. The polemical note sounds in the verb "compel". [...] The element of compulsion would enter because there were Gentiles who were making claims, or for whom claims were being made, to enter into what generations of Jews had always regarded as their exclusive privileges (in terms of the argument of Galatians, into the direct line of inheritance from Abraham). To safeguard the character of these privileges it was evidently seen as necessary to ensure that such claimants conformed fully to the traditional notes of the covenant people. This Paul regarded as compulsion.
^Michele Murray Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE, Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion, 2004, p. 33: "From Paul's perspective, by withdrawing from Gentile table fellowship, Peter was sending a message to the Gentile believers of Antioch. The message to Antiochene Gentile Christians was that they were to judaize."
^Donaldson, Terence L. (2016). "Supersessionism and Early Christian Self-Definition" (PDF). JJMJS. 3: 2–3.
2014 Look up Judaization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaizers. Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers Jewish Encyclopedia:...
The Heresy of the Judaizers (Russian: ересь жидовствующих, romanized: yeres zhidovstvuyushchikh) was a religious movement that emerged in Novgorod and...
Christianity these are a number of denominations of ancient and contemporary Judaizers. The most well-known of these is Messianic Judaism, a religious movement...
Judaization of Jerusalem (Arabic: تهويد القدس, romanized: tahwīd al-Quds; Hebrew: יהוד ירושלים, romanized: yehud Yerushalayim) is the view that Israel...
Judaization of the Galilee (Hebrew: ייהוד הגליל Yehud ha-Galil; Arabic: تهويد الجليل, tahweed al-jalīl) is a regional project and policy of the Israeli...
Russian Orthodox religion, and tried to suppress their sects and other Judaizers. They also emphasized individual interpretation of the law rather than...
observances. It is disputed whether the main target were specifically Judaizers or Jews in general. His homilies were expressed in the conventional manner...
Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers see section titled: "The Incident At Antioch" Gal. 2:11–14 Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers: "On their arrival Peter...
confused different groups in their polemics whom they labeled heretical "Judaizers".[page needed] Consequently, very little about the Ebionite sect or sects...
observances. It is disputed whether the main targets were specifically Judaizers or Jews in general. His homilies were expressed in the conventional manner...
Hebrew Christian movement Messianic Judaism Hebrew Roots Pejoratives Judaizers Legalists Adversity Split of Christianity and Judaism Paul and Judaism...
considerable part in the history of Christian antisemitism, diatribes against Judaizers composed while a presbyter in Antioch, which were extensively exploited...
Special Issue: Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israel Conflict – De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine...
apocrypha reveal the cultural clash between Jews and Greeks, and between Judaizers and Hellenizers. Both Greeks and Romans valued the foreskin positively...
was controversial: other missionary groups accused its members of being Judaizers, and one of the two editors of Our Hope magazine, Arno C. Gaebelein, eventually...
Jewish commandments, another group of Jewish Christians, sometimes termed Judaizers, felt that Gentile Christians needed to fully comply with the Law of Moses...
circumcision, continued to apply to Christians were pejoratively labeled Judaizers by their opponents and criticized as being elitist and legalistic. Jerusalem...
effigies were burned. Of those sentenced to burning, 5 were Portuguese Judaizers: Lucena de Baltasar, Duarte Núñez de Cea -both left in the car of 1600-...
missionary journeys together and defended Gentile converts against the Judaizers. They traveled together making more converts (c. 46–48), and participated...
Ynetnews. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020. Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 101...
significance Judaism Christianity Islam Jerusalem Law Jerusalem Day Quds Day Judaization Islamization US recognition Other topics Names Emblem Municipality Greater...
or anaph (face, figure), though Adam refuted this arguing that even a Judaized population would still have spoken Tamazight. Adam also refuted an Arabic...
was conflict between Hellenizers and traditionalists (sometimes called Judaizers). The Hebrew Bible was translated from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic...
It is believed that Jews began immigrating to the Arabian Peninsula in as early as the 6th century BCE, when the Babylonian conquest of Judah triggered...