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Johannes Kepler (/ˈkɛplər/;[2]German:[joˈhanəsˈkɛplɐ,-nɛs-]ⓘ;[3][4] 27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.[5] He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, influencing among others Isaac Newton, providing one of the foundations for his theory of universal gravitation.[6] The variety and impact of his work made Kepler one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science.[7][8][9] He has been described as the "father of science fiction" for his novel Somnium.[10][11]
Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Later he became an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe in Prague, and eventually the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors Matthias and Ferdinand II. He also taught mathematics in Linz, and was an adviser to General Wallenstein.
Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, being named the father of modern optics,[12] in particular for his Astronomiae pars optica. He also invented an improved version of the refracting telescope, the Keplerian telescope, which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope,[13] while also improving on the telescope design by Galileo Galilei,[14] who mentioned Kepler's discoveries in his work.
Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of natural philosophy)[citation needed]. Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason.[15] Kepler described his new astronomy as "celestial physics",[16] as "an excursion into Aristotle's Metaphysics",[17] and as "a supplement to Aristotle's On the Heavens",[18] transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.[19]
^Liscia, Daniel A. Di. "Johannes Kepler". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^"Kepler". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962]. Das Aussprachewörterbuch [The Pronunciation Dictionary] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. pp. 487, 505. ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4.
^Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch [German Pronunciation Dictionary] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 628, 646. ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6.
^Jeans, Susi (2013) [2001]. "Kepler [Keppler], Johannes". Grove Music Online. Revised by H. Floris Cohen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14903. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 26 September 2021. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^Voelkel, James R. (2001). "Commentary on Ernan McMullin, "The Impact of Newton's Principia on the Philosophy of Science"". Philosophy of Science. 68 (3): 319–326. doi:10.1086/392885. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 3080920. S2CID 144781947.
^"DPMA | Johannes Kepler".
^"Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times | NASA". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
^"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Johannes Kepler".
^"Kepler, the Father of Science Fiction". bbvaopenmind.com. 16 November 2015.
^Popova, Maria (27 December 2019). "How Kepler Invented Science Fiction and Defended His Mother in a Witchcraft Trial While Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe". themarginalian.org.
^Coullet, Pierre; San Martin, Jaime; Tirapegui, Enrique (2022). "Kepler in search of the 'Anaclastic'". Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 164. Bibcode:2022CSF...16412695C. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112695. S2CID 252834988.
JohannesKepler (/ˈkɛplər/; German: [joˈhanəs ˈkɛplɐ, -nɛs -] ; 27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer...
The JohannesKepler University Linz (German: JohannesKepler Universität Linz, short: JKU) is a public university in Austria. It is located in Linz, the...
The JohannesKepler ATV, or Automated Transfer Vehicle 002 (ATV-002), was an uncrewed cargo spacecraft built to resupply the International Space Station...
The Kepler conjecture, named after the 17th-century mathematician and astronomer JohannesKepler, is a mathematical theorem about sphere packing in three-dimensional...
Leonberg, Württemberg, who was the mother of the famous astronomer JohannesKepler. She was accused of witchcraft in 1615, but was defended by her son...
be expressed as a Kepler orbit using six orbital elements. The Kepler problem is named after JohannesKepler, who proposed Kepler's laws of planetary...
University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-8018-9656-9. Redd, Nola (May 2012). "JohannesKepler Biography". Tech Media Network. Retrieved October 23, 2013. Rushkin...
after the famous German mathematician JohannesKepler, with the institution taking on the name Johannes-Kepler-Polytechnikum. It was intended to enable...
Pythagoreanism, and was later developed by 16th-century astronomer JohannesKepler. Kepler did not believe this "music" to be audible, but felt that it could...
discover Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars. Named after astronomer JohannesKepler, the spacecraft was launched into an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit...
as being contained in a fixed sphere at the boundary of the cosmos. JohannesKepler (1571–1630) was a devoted Copernican, following Copernicus's models...
important European figures in science and engineering: Jules Verne, JohannesKepler, Edoardo Amaldi, Albert Einstein, and Georges Lemaître. Following several...
expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by JohannesKepler as the Latin: annus aerae nostrae vulgaris (year of our common era)...
The Harmony of the World, 1619) is a book by JohannesKepler. In the work, written entirely in Latin, Kepler discusses harmony and congruence in geometrical...
book by the German astronomer JohannesKepler, published at Tübingen in late 1596 and in a second edition in 1621. Kepler proposed that the distance relationships...
Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa and the Renaissance astronomer JohannesKepler, to present-day scientific figures such as Oxford physicist Roger Penrose...
Jizerou. Prior to his death in 1601, he was assisted for a year by JohannesKepler, who went on to use Tycho's data to develop his own three laws of planetary...
contemporary discussions of the physical causes of the planets' motion. JohannesKepler (1571–1630) was the first to closely integrate the predictive geometrical...
after JohannesKepler, but can be found in earlier sources. Although some sources claim that ancient Egyptian pyramids had proportions based on a Kepler triangle...
cited ancient pedigrees for their innovations. Copernicus, Galileo, JohannesKepler and Newton all traced different ancient and medieval ancestries for...
rivers. Like the mountains it traverses, the track is named after JohannesKepler. The track is one of the New Zealand Great Walks and is administered...
In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit (or Keplerian orbit, named after the German astronomer JohannesKepler) is the motion of one body relative to another...