Spinosaurid theropod dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous Period
For other uses, see Irritation and wikt:irritate.
Irritator
Temporal range: Albian ~113–110 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
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Reconstructed skeleton at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo. The postcranium is based on remains that cannot be confidently attributed to the animal.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Dinosauria
Clade:
Saurischia
Clade:
Theropoda
Family:
†Spinosauridae
Subfamily:
†Spinosaurinae
Genus:
†Irritator Martill et al., 1996
Type species
†Irritator challengeri
Martill et al., 1996
Synonyms
Angaturama limai? Kellner & Campos 1996
Irritator is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur that lived in what is now Brazil during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period, about 113 to 110 million years ago. It is known from a nearly complete skull found in the Romualdo Formation of the Araripe Basin. Fossil dealers had acquired this skull and sold it to the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart. In 1996, the specimen became the holotype of the type species Irritator challengeri. The genus name comes from the word "irritation", reflecting the feelings of paleontologists who found the skull had been heavily damaged and altered by the collectors. The species name is a homage to the fictional character Professor Challenger from Arthur Conan Doyle's novels.
Some paleontologists regard Angaturama limai—known from a snout tip that was described later in 1996—as a potential junior synonym of Irritator. Both animals hail from the same stratigraphic units of the Araripe Basin. It was also previously proposed that Irritator and Angaturama's skull parts belonged to the same specimen. Although this has been cast into doubt, more overlapping fossil material is needed to confirm whether they are the same animal or not. Other spinosaurid skeletal material, some of which could belong to Irritator or Angaturama, was retrieved from the Romualdo Formation, allowing for a replica skeleton to be made and mounted for display at the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
Estimated at between 6 and 8 meters (20 and 26 ft) in length, Irritator weighed around 1 tonne (1.1 short tons), making it one of the smallest spinosaurids known. Its long, shallow and slender snout was lined with straight and unserrated conical teeth. Lengthwise atop the head ran a thin sagittal crest, to which powerful neck muscles were likely anchored. The nostrils were positioned far back from the tip of the snout, and a rigid secondary palate on the roof of the mouth would have strengthened the jaw when feeding. Belonging to a subadult, Irritator challengeri's holotype remains the most completely preserved spinosaurid skull yet found. The Angaturama snout tip expanded to the sides in a rosette-like shape, bearing long teeth and an unusually tall crest. One possible skeleton indicates it, like other spinosaurids, had enlarged first-finger claws and a sail running down its back.
Irritator had been mistaken initially for a pterosaur, and later a maniraptoran dinosaur. In 1996, the animal was identified as a spinosaurid theropod. The holotype skull was thoroughly prepared before being redescribed in 2002, confirming this classification. Both Irritator and Angaturama belong to the Spinosaurinae subfamily. A generalist diet—like that of today's crocodilians—has been suggested; Irritator might have preyed mainly on fish and any other small prey animals it could catch. Fossil evidence is known of an individual that ate a pterosaur, either from hunting or scavenging it. Irritator may have had semiaquatic habits, and inhabited the tropical environment of a coastal lagoon surrounded by dry regions. It coexisted with other carnivorous theropods as well as turtles, crocodyliforms, and a large number of pterosaur and fish species.
synonym of Irritator. Both animals hail from the same stratigraphic units of the Araripe Basin. It was also previously proposed that Irritator and Angaturama's...
Irritating Stick, also known as Ucchan Nanchan no Honō no Challenger: Dengeki Iraira Bou Returns (ウッチャンナンチャンの炎のチャレンジャー電擊イライラ棒 リターンズ, lit. "Ucchan Nanchan's...
spinosaurids were large animals. The smallest genus known from good material is Irritator, which was between 6 and 8 meters (20 and 26 feet) long and around 1 metric...
How to Irritate People is a US sketch comedy television broadcast recorded in the UK at LWT on 14 November 1968 and written by John Cleese, Graham Chapman...
can feel pain, but it is known that they react to irritants. When an irritating object becomes trapped within an oyster's shell, it deposits layers of...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms that commonly include abdominal pain, abdominal...
Oxalaia, Siamosaurus, Ichthyovenator, Irritator from Brazil, and Angaturama (which may be synonymous with Irritator) from Brazil. The spinosaurines share...
or pet hate is a minor annoyance that an individual finds particularly irritating to a greater degree than the norm. The noun peeve, meaning an annoyance...
history and racial politics. The title he goes by when lecturing is the "Irritated Genie of Soufeese." His website has endorsed the killing of Whites and...
Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810832664. Co, Art History (6 July 2020). "The Irritating Gentleman: Berthold Woltze". arthistory.co. Retrieved 2024-01-11. Media...
birds and crocodilians. This has also been proposed for the related genus Irritator, on account of the prominent sagittal crest running towards the back of...
22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018. Adamson, Scott. "Nothing more irritating than playing by one set of rules in one park and a different set in another"...
pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which may irritate the eyes. The onion plant (Allium cepa), also known as the bulb onion or...
highly toxic to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach, and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting...
family. A famous case was that of Oda Tokuhime (daughter of Oda Nobunaga); irritated by the antics of her mother-in-law, Lady Tsukiyama (the wife of Tokugawa...
A spite house is a building constructed or substantially modified to irritate neighbors or any party with land stakes. Because long-term occupation is...
their own. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office. Their father, it...
inhaled. It is a dye and it stains the skin and may irritate. The hydrochloride form is more irritating than the neutral form. It is derived from acridine...
coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease, coalworker's pneumoconiosis...
topic as "a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors".) Gutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public...
structure of an animal to inject venom, or the injury produced by a stinger Irritating hairs or prickles of a stinging plant, or the plant itself Sting operation...
extension of the protective synovial capsule of usually the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed. This inflammation is typically caused by the plica...
language, a process that required many revisions from an increasingly irritated Hawking. The book was published in April 1988 in the US and in June in...
serious that on the upper ones.[citation needed] The most common reason for irritative phenomena is a lesion of a central motoneuron, but in the presence of...
lithium dust or lithium compounds (which are often alkaline) initially irritate the nose and throat, while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid...
to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece. This so irritated Alexander that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said...
group of noisy and enthusiastic fans in the front row of the audience irritated Waters so much that he spat at one of them. The end of the tour marked...
community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. The Soviets and Cubans became concerned, fearing Nixon might attack...
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