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Samurai information


A samurai in his armour in the 1860s. Hand-colored photograph by Felice Beato

Samurai (侍、さむらい) were the hereditary military nobility[1][2][3][4] and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in the late 1870s during the Meiji era. They were the well-paid retainers of the daimyo, the great feudal landholders. They had high prestige and special privileges.[5]

Following the passing of a law in 1629, samurai on official duty were required to practice daishō (wear two swords).[6] Samurai were granted kiri-sute gomen: the right to kill anyone of a lower class in certain situations. Some important samurai and other figures in Japanese history wanted others to believe all of them engaged combatants using bushido codes of martial virtues and followed various cultural ideals about how a samurai should act.[7]

Although they had predecessors in earlier military and administrative officers, the samurai truly emerged during the Kamakura shogunate, ruling from c.1185 to 1333. They became the ruling political class, with significant power but also significant responsibility. During the 13th century, the samurai proved themselves as adept warriors against the invading Mongols. During the peaceful Edo period, 1603 to 1868, they became the stewards and chamberlains of the daimyo estates, gaining managerial experience and education.

In the 1870s, samurai families comprised 5% of the population. As modern militaries emerged in the 19th century, the samurai were rendered increasingly obsolete and very expensive to maintain compared to the average conscript soldier. The Meiji Restoration ended their feudal roles, and they moved into professional and entrepreneurial roles. Their memory and weaponry remain prominent in Japanese popular culture.

  1. ^ An Age of Melodrama: Family, Gender, and Social Hierarchy in the Turn-of-the ... Stanford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8047-7962-3. Retrieved 18 July 2022 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China, 1862–1945 ... Stanford University Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8047-6478-0. Retrieved 18 July 2022 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ William Theodore De Bary (2004). Nobility and Civility: Asian Ideals of Leadership and the Common Good. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01557-9. Retrieved 18 July 2022 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Gary P. Leupp (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543–1900. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-6074-5. Retrieved 18 July 2022 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Samurai: The Story of a Warrior Tradition, Harry Cook, Blandford Press 1993, ISBN 0713724323
  6. ^ MartialArtSwords.com. "Common Myths and Misconceptions About Traditional Japanese Daishō". MartialArtSwords.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  7. ^ Wert, Michael (1 February 2021). Samurai: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 35, 84. ISBN 978-0-19-068510-2. OCLC 1202732830.

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