In accelerator physics, ionization cooling is a physical process for reducing the beam emittance of a charged particle beam[1][2] ("cooling") by passing the particles through some material, reducing their momentum as they ionize atomic electrons in the material.
Thus, the normalised beam emittance is reduced. By re-accelerating the beam, for example in an RF cavity, the longitudinal momentum may be restored without replacing transverse momentum. Thus, overall the angular spread and hence the geometric emittance in the beam will be reduced.
Ionization cooling can be spoiled by stochastic physical processes. Multiple Coulomb scattering of muons as well as nuclear scattering of protons and ions can reduce the cooling or even lead to net heating transverse to the direction of beam motion. In addition, energy straggling can cause heating parallel to the direction of beam motion.
^G.I. Budker, in: Proceedings of 15th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Kiev, 1970
^A.N. Skrinsky, Intersecting storage rings at Novosibirsk, in: Proceedings of Morges Seminar, 1971 Report CERN/D.PH II/YGC/mng
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accelerator components. Absorbers are used in ionizationcooling, as in the International Muon IonizationCooling Experiment. In solar power, a high degree...
nanometers). Roughly, this corresponds to both the first ionization energy of oxygen, and the ionization energy of hydrogen, both about 14 eV. In some Environmental...
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of the neutron at the Institut Laue–Langevin, International Muon IonizationCooling Experiment, the UK Dark Matter Collaboration experiment at the Boulby...
by actively exhausting hot air. There are also other cooling techniques, such as liquid cooling. All modern day processors are designed to cut out or...
gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling). Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment...
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refrigerant. Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans. Hydrogen...
tolyltriazole, a common additive in cooling water treatment, could bind the copper making it ineffective. Ionization became the first such hospital disinfection...
the air gush of an ioniser. The ionization falls off very sharply with distance (even in ducting), so air ionization is rarely used for this purpose,...
through the gas they leave ionization trails. The alcohol vapor condenses around gaseous ion trails left behind by the ionizing particles. This occurs because...
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District cooling is the cooling equivalent of district heating. Working on broadly similar principles to district heating, district cooling delivers chilled...
nanomaterials. The synchrotron itself hosted the International Muon IonizationCooling Experiment (MICE) for parasitic running from 2008 to 2018. MICE replaced...
conductive region is less sharp, the ionization may not extend past this local region. Outside this region of ionization and conductivity, the charged particles...
the distance where all the ionizing photons are used up. This ionization front marks the boundary between the Warm ionized and Warm neutral medium. OB...
mechanical 'air conditioner' or by other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques...
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