Catastrophic channeling in earth dams caused by water flow
Internal erosion is the formation of voids within a soil caused by the removal of material by seepage.[1] It is the second most common cause of failure in levees and one of the leading causes of failures in earth dams,[2] responsible for about half of embankment dam failures.[3]
Internal erosion occurs when the hydraulic forces exerted by water seeping through the pores and cracks of the material in the dam and/or foundation are sufficient to detach particles and transport them out of the dam structure.
Internal erosion is especially dangerous because there may be no external evidence, or only subtle evidence, that it is taking place. Usually a sand boil can be found, but the boil might be hidden under water. A dam may breach within a few hours after evidence of internal erosion becomes obvious.
Piping is a related phenomenon and is defined as the progressive development of internal erosion by seepage, appearing downstream as a hole discharging water.[4] Piping is induced by regressive erosion of particles from downstream and along the upstream line towards an outside environment until a continuous pipe is formed.[5][6]
^Reclamation Glossary, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
^Progress in assessing Internal Erosion, at britishdams.org
^Fell, R.; MacGregor, P.; Stapledon, D.; Bell, G.; Foster, M. (2014). "Chapter 8: Internal erosion and piping of embankment dams and in dam foundations". Geotechnical Engineering of Dams (2nd ed.). CRC Press/Balkema. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-13800008-7.
^ICOLD GIGB, ICOLD Dictionary
^Development of piping erosion conditions in the Benson area, Arizona, U.S.A.
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thought to have allowed water to seep through the dam and to lead to internalerosion, called piping, that eventually caused the dam's collapse. An investigating...
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9, 1986, a steam explosion (condensate feed piping ruptured due to internalerosion and over-pressurization when feed pump check valve failed) in the non-nuclear...
concrete react to other salts formed by other sulfate sources and cause internalerosion of the concrete. The extra exposure to these sulfate (SO4) ions can...
foundation below. Some engineers think that boils lead to a form of internalerosion called piping which undermines the levee, but others consider them...
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point under consideration, divided by the volume of water transported. Internalerosion Frost weathering Geotechnical engineering Water potential Well engineering...
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"Re-evaluation of InternalErosion Incidents at Matahina Dam, New Zealand". In Fell, Robin; Fry, Jean-Jacques (eds.). InternalErosion of Dams and Their...
engineers published a study that determined the cause of the failure "was internalerosion in the embankment coupled with overtopping flow". The study believes...
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