Border on between Banyuwangi Regency and Bondowoso Regency, Java, Indonesia
Geology
Mountain type
Stratovolcano
Last eruption
1999[1]
Ijen in 3DMap of Ijen Crater, where sulfur is minedTraditional sulfur mining at Ijen. This image shows the dangerous and rugged conditions the miners face, including toxic smoke and high drops, as well as their lack of protective equipment. The pipes over which they are standing serve to guide sulfur vapors and condense them, thereby facilitating production.[2]
The Ijen volcano complex is a group of composite volcanoes located on the border between Banyuwangi Regency and Bondowoso Regency of East Java, Indonesia. It is known for its blue fire, acidic crater lake, and labour-intensive sulfur mining.
It is inside an eponymous larger caldera Ijen, which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide. The Gunung Merapi stratovolcano is the highest point of that complex. The name "Gunung Merapi" means 'mountain of fire' in the Indonesian language; Mount Merapi in central Java and Marapi in Sumatra have the same etymology.
Ijen Geopark stretches across the entire regency which is specifically in the Mount Ijen area, Pulau Merah Beach, and Alas Purwo National Park. It has various geological, biological, and cultural sites. It became part of UNESCO Global Geoparks in 2023.
West of Gunung Merapi is the Ijen volcano, which has a one-kilometre-wide (0.62 mi) turquoise-coloured acidic crater lake. The lake is the site of a labour-intensive sulfur mining operation, in which sulfur-laden baskets are carried by hand from the crater floor. The work is paid well considering the cost of living in the area, but is very onerous.[3] Workers earn around US$13 per day and, once out of the crater, still need to carry their loads of sulfur chunks about three kilometers to the nearby Paltuding Valley to get paid.[4]
Many other post-caldera cones and craters are located within the caldera or along its rim. The largest concentration of post-caldera cones runs east–west across the southern side of the caldera. The active crater at Kawah Ijen has a diameter of 722 metres (2,369 ft) and a surface area of 0.41 square kilometres (0.16 sq mi). It is 200 metres (660 ft) deep and has a volume of 36 cubic hectometres (29,000 acre⋅ft).
The lake is recognised as the largest highly acidic crater lake in the world.[1] It is also a source for the river Banyupahit, resulting in highly acidic and metal-enriched river water which has a significant detrimental effect on the downstream river ecosystem.[5] During a scientific expedition in 2001, the pH of the lake was measured at <0.3. [6] On July 14–15, 2008, explorer George Kourounis took a small rubber boat out onto the acid lake to measure its acidity. The pH of the water at the lake's edges was measured to be 0.5 and in the middle of the lake 0.13 due to a high concentration of sulfuric acid.[7]
^ ab"Ijen". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
^"Photos from inside the volcanic sulphur mines of Indonesia". news.com.au. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
^Lane, Megan (9 February 2011). "Sulphur mining in an active volcano". BBC News.
^Harsaputra, Indra (19 December 2011). "Kawah Ijen: Between potential and threat". The Jakarta Post.
^"University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Natural Pollution Caused by the Extremely Acidic Crater Lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved 9 December 2013.
^Löhr, Ansje; Bogaard, Thom; Heikens, Alex; Hendriks, Martin; Sumarti, Sri; Bergen, Manfred van; Gestel, Kees C.A.M. van; Straalen, Nico van; Vroon, Pieter; Widianarko, Budi (2005). "Natural Pollution Caused by the Extremely Acid Crater Lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia (7 pp)". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 12 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1065/espr2004.09.118. PMID 15859115. S2CID 128470417.
The Ijen volcano complex is a group of composite volcanoes located on the border between Banyuwangi Regency and Bondowoso Regency of East Java, Indonesia...
eruption. The most well-documented of these fires occur on Indonesia's Kawah Ijen volcano, where they regularly burn. "Blue lava" is an electric-blue fire...
1995. Ijen has a unique colourful caldera lake which is an extremely acidic natural reservoir (pH<0.3). There are sulfur mining activities at Ijen, where...
Tour de Ijen is a men's cycle race which takes place in Indonesia. Initiated as a stage race in 2012, the Tour de Ijen is rated by the UCI as a 2.2 race...
Loa caldera. Places in which these deposits have been mined include: Kawah Ijen and Arjuno-Welirang, Indonesia Purico Complex near San Pedro de Atacama in...
view of a mountain ("gunung"). Tourist spots include Kawah Ijen, a crater lake. Kawah Ijen is managed jointly by two local governments, Bondowoso Regency...
late 1800s, Dutch colonialists established large coffee plantations on the Ijen Plateau in eastern Java. However, disaster struck in the 1876, when the coffee...
general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen Cathedral which employ Gothic architecture. Malang also holds various events...
or city in East Java has its own unique tourist destinations, such as the Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi, Baluran National Park in Situbondo, and Bromo Tengger...
northeast of the island and is overshadowed by its much larger neighbour Ijen. The mountain has not erupted in historical times, although it is considered...
Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa...
(Siring River Eternal Fire), Samarinda, East Borneo. Api Biru (Blue Fire), Ijen, Banyuwangi, East Java. This phenomenon comes from the ignition of sulfur...
coffee was grown, starting in 1699. Today, coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.[citation needed] The area...
National Park, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, Ijen Mountain, Baluran National Park and Alas Purwo National Park. It inhabits...
Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa...
Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa...
approximately 146 km (91 mi) and a watershed area covering 1,113 km2 (430 sq mi). Ijen List of drainage basins of Indonesia Meru Betiri National Park Sanen River...
815 m (9,236 ft) Philippines * Peuët Sagoë 2,801 m (9,190 ft) Indonesia * Ijen 2,799 m (9,183 ft) Indonesia * Mount Tujuh 2,732 m (8,963 ft) Indonesia...
Crawford. As of 27 January 2024. 2016 Overall Tour de Ijen, Jai Crawford Stage 4 Tour de Ijen, Jai Crawford Stage 3 Le Tour de Filipinas, Wesley Sulzberger...
Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa...
Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa...
Global Information
