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1948 Hyderabad massacres
Part of the Annexation of Hyderabad
Date
13 September 1948 (1948-09-13) - October 1948; 75 years ago (1948-10)
Location
Hyderabad State
Caused by
Annexation of Hyderabad, religious and cultural tensions
Goals
Retributive violence[1] Religious bigotry[2]
Methods
Mass murder, pogrom,[3][4] rape, looting and arson
Casualties
Death(s)
27,000–40,000 (according to the Sunderlal Committee's estimate)[5]
Part of a series on
Violence against Muslims in independent India
Major incidents
1948 Hyderabad massacres
1964 Calcutta riots
1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots
1969 Gujarat riots
1970 Bhiwandi riots
1980 Moradabad riots
1983 Nellie massacre
1985 Gujarat riots
1987 Hashimpura massacre
1989 Bhagalpur violence
1992 Bombay riots
1993 Pangal massacre
2002 Gujarat riots
2006 Malegaon bombings
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
2014 Assam violence
2020 Delhi riots
Freedom of religion
Violence against Muslims
Religious violence in India
Religious persecution
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The Hyderabad massacres[6] refers to the mass killings and genocidal massacre of Hyderabadi Muslims that took place in the aftermath of the Indian annexation of Hyderabad (Operation Polo). The killings were perpetrated by local Hindu militias, and by the Indian Army. An official "very conservative estimate" puts the total civilian death toll at 27,000–40,000 civilians between September–October 1948;[7] other scholars have put the figure at 200,000, or even higher.[8] Apart from mass killings, activists such as Sundarayya mention systematic torture, rapes, and lootings by Indian soldiers.[9]
^
"Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC News. 24 September 2013.
^Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56" (PDF). Indian Economic & Social History Review. 44 (4): 489–516. doi:10.1177/001946460704400404. S2CID 145000228. The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry.
^Anderson, Perry (19 July 2012). "Perry Anderson · Why Partition?". London Review of Books. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
^Aiyar, SA (25 November 2012). "Declassify report on the 1948 Hyderabad massacre". Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
^
Dam, Abhirup (17 September 2015). "Hyderabad 'Liberation' Day? The Price Was 27,000 Massacred". TheQuint. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^Purushotham, Sunil (19 January 2021). From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1455-0.
^Purushotham, Sunil. "Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad - CSSH".
^Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001), "Of a massacre untold", Frontline, 18 (5), retrieved 8 September 2014, The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused...
^Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons. Foundation Books. 1972. ISBN 9788175963160.
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