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Bahrain is a Source and destination country for men and women subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. Men and women from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Ethiopia, and Eritrea migrate voluntarily to Bahrain to work as domestic workers or as unskilled laborers in the construction and service industries. Some, however, face conditions of forced labor after arriving in Bahrain, through use of such practices as unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, contract substitution, non-payment of wages, threats, and physical or sexual abuse.[1][2]
A study by the Bahrain Government's Labor Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) found that 65 percent of migrant workers had not seen their employment contract, and that 89 percent were unaware of their terms of employment upon arrival in Bahrain. Many labor recruitment agencies in Bahrain and source countries require workers to pay high recruitment fees – a practice that makes workers highly vulnerable to forced labor once in Bahrain. The LMRA study found that 70 percent of foreign workers borrowed money or sold property in their home countries in order to secure a job in Bahrain.[3][4]
Some Bahraini employers illegally charge workers exorbitant fees to remain in Bahrain working for third-party employers (under the “free visa” arrangement). The LMRA estimates that approximately 10 percent of migrant workers were in Bahrain under illegal “free visa” arrangements – a practice that can contribute to debt bondage – while the Bahrain Chamber of Commerce and Industry puts the figure at 25 percent. Women from Thailand, the Philippines, Morocco, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Russia, China, Vietnam, South Korea and Eastern European States are subjected to forced prostitution in Bahrain.[5][6][7]
The Government of Bahrain fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. The government reported its second and third prosecutions under its anti-trafficking statute, and continued to educate potential trafficking victims on their rights. However, the government did not show evidence of progress in providing protective services to victims or prosecuting offenses related to labor trafficking, the most prevalent form of trafficking in Bahrain.[5]
U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 1" in 2018,[8] having been classified in Tier 3 during the 2007 report.[9] It was elevated to Tier 2 after the report noted the significant improvement particularly in satisfying the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. By 2010, it remained in the Tier 2 category but the watch list designation was dropped.[10] There are sectors within the country that views the human trafficking report and the initiative to improve the performance against human tracking as an intrusion to Bahrain's domestic affairs.[11] On the other hand, there are also those who argue that these commitments allow Bahrain to burnish its credentials as a model state in the Middle East, particularly with respect to its responses to the human tracking problem.[12]
^"Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery in Bahrain". gvnet.com. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
^"Government support, international partnerships deliver major gains in Bahrain's human trafficking war". Africa Business Communities. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
^"For a Better Life". Human Rights Watch. 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
^"eGovernment. Investing in Human Capital".
^ ab"Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Country Narratives -- Countries A Through F". US Department of State. 2010-06-17. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2023-02-10. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^"South Korean Escorts Manama Bahrain".
^"Korean Escorts Manama Bahrain".
^"Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements". www.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
^Katzman, Kenneth (2010). Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U. S. Policy. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. p. 4. ISBN 9781437934113.
^Boon, Kristen; Huq, Aziz; Lovelace, Douglas (2012). Global Stability and U.S. National Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 545. ISBN 9780199915897.
^Oxford Business Group (2007). The Report: Emerging Bahrain 2007. Oxford: Oxford Business Group. p. 17. ISBN 9781902339733. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^Alboshoka, Kamil. "Human Rights Council: Fighting Human Trafficking- Bahrain as a Model". Human Rights. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
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