The history of Myanmar (also known as Burma; Burmese: မြန်မာ့သမိုင်း) covers the period from the time of first-known human settlements 13,000 years ago to the present day. The earliest inhabitants of recorded history were a Tibeto-Burman-speaking people who established the Pyu city-states ranged as far south as Pyay and adopted Theravada Buddhism.
Another group, the Bamar people, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley in the early 9th century. They went on to establish the Pagan Kingdom (1044–1297), the first-ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. The Burmese language and culture slowly came to replace Pyu norms during this period. After the First Mongol invasion of Burma in 1287, several small kingdoms, of which the Kingdom of Ava, the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, the Kingdom of Mrauk U and the Shan States were principal powers, came to dominate the landscape, replete with ever-shifting alliances and constant wars.
In the second half of the 16th century, the Toungoo dynasty (1510–1752) reunified the country, and founded the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a brief period. Later Taungoo kings instituted several key administrative and economic reforms that gave rise to a smaller, more peaceful and prosperous kingdom in the 17th and early 18th centuries. In the second half of the 18th century, the Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885) restored the kingdom, and continued the Taungoo reforms that increased central rule in peripheral regions and produced one of the most literate states in Asia. The dynasty also went to war with all its neighbours. The Anglo-Burmese wars (1824–85) eventually led to British colonial rule.
British rule brought several enduring social, economic, cultural and administrative changes that completely transformed the once-agrarian society. British rule highlighted out-group differences among the country's myriad ethnic groups. Since independence in 1948, the country has been in one of the longest running civil wars involving insurgent groups representing political and ethnic minority groups and successive central governments. The country was under military rule under various guises from 1962 to 2010 and again from 2021–present, and in the seemingly cyclical process has become one of the least developed nations in the world.
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The historyofMyanmar (also known as Burma; Burmese: မြန်မာ့သမိုင်း) covers the period from the time of first-known human settlements 13,000 years ago...
Constitution ofMyanmar officially refers to it as the Myanmar language in English, though most English speakers continue to refer to the language as Burmese, after...
Ministry of Border Affairs, Republic of the Union ofMyanmar ဗန်းမော်တင်အောင် [in Burmese]. မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်သမိုင်း [Myanmar State History]. Burma Celebrates...
Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947. Myanmar's...
display the Burmese script in this article correctly. Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948, the year the country, then known as Burma, gained...
The military historyofMyanmar (Burma) spans over a millennium, and is one of the main factors that have shaped the historyof the country, and to a certain...
Tibeto-Burman-speaking migrants from present-day Yunnan. The historyofMyanmar as a unified entity, formerly called Burma, began with the Pagan Kingdom in 849. In 1057...
were lifted in 2012. Myanmar exported $1.6 billion worth of garments and textiles in 2016. Burma (Myanmar) is the largest producer of methamphetamines in...
Islam is a minority religion in Myanmar, practised by about 2.1% of the population, according to the 2014 Myanmar official statistics. In the early Bagan...
contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofBurmese script. Burma (Myanmar) was...
Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is administered by the Ministry of Defence and composed of the Myanmar Army, the Myanmar Navy and the Myanmar Air Force. Auxiliary...
Eyewitness Myanmar (Burma). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7440-2350-3. Myanmar Business Today; Print Edition, 27 February 2014. A Roadmap to Building Myanmar into the...
language, Burma is known as Myanmar Pyi (Burmese: မြန်မာပြည်). Myanmar Pyi is the written, literary name of the country, while Bama is the spoken name of the...
primary mission of the Myanmar Air Force (MAF) since its inception has been to provide transport, logistical, and close air support to the Myanmar Army in counter-insurgency...
presidents ofMyanmar (also known as Burma) since the Burmese Declaration of Independence in 1948. 1948–1962: President of the Union ofBurma 1962–1974:...
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Indians are a group of people of Indian origin who live in Myanmar (Burma). The term 'Burmese Indian' refers to a broad range of people from South Asia...
State, Myanmar. Before the Rohingya genocide in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an estimated 1.4 million Rohingya lived in Myanmar. Described...
The historyof Jews in Myanmar, (formerly Burma), begins primarily in the mid-19th century, when hundreds of Jews immigrated from Iraq during the British...
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continuation of office) Politics ofMyanmarHistoryofMyanmar List ofBurmese monarchs List of heads of state ofMyanmar List of colonial governors ofBurma List...
/ˈmændəleɪ/; Burmese: မန္တလေး; MLCTS: manta.le: [mándəlé]) is the second-largest city in Myanmar, after Yangon. Located on the east bank of the Irrawaddy...
Lower Myanmar (Burmese: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Lower Burma) is a geographic region ofMyanmar and includes the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta (Ayeyarwady...
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