Global InformationHijab information
In modern usage, hijab (Arabic: حجاب, romanized: ḥijāb, pronounced [ħɪˈdʒaːb]) generally refers to various head coverings conventionally worn by many Muslim women.[1][2] It is similar to the tichel or snood worn by Orthodox Jewish women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women, such as the mantilla, apostolnik and wimple,[3][4] and the dupatta worn by many Hindu and Sikh women.[5][6][7] Whilst a hijab can come in many forms, it often specifically refers to a scarf wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck and ears but leaving the face visible.[8][9] The use of the hijab has been on the rise worldwide since the 1970s and is viewed by many Muslims as expressing modesty and faith; it has also been worn for purposes of adornment.[8][10] There is a consensus among Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is either required or preferred, though some Muslim scholars and activists point out that it is not mandated.[11][12][13]
The term ḥijāb was originally used to denote a partition or a curtain and was sometimes used for Islamic rules of modesty.[8][14] This is the usage in the verses of the Qur'an, in which the term sometimes refers to a curtain separating visitors to Muhammad's main house from his wives' lodgings. This has led some to claim that the mandate of the Qur'an applied only to the wives of Muhammad and not to all women.[15][16] Another interpretation can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, whereas a metaphysical dimension may refer to "the veil which separates man, or the world, from God".[17] The Qur'an never uses the word hijab to refer to women's clothing, but passages discuss the attire of women using other terms jilbab and khimār.[18] For some the term for headscarf in the Qur'an is khimār (Arabic: خِمار).[8][19][14][20][21]
There is no consensus over how much of a veil is a necessity. Some legal systems accept the hijab as an order to cover everything except the face and hands,[22][17] whilst others accept it as an order to cover the whole body, including the face and hands.[23] These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Qur'an. Some believe these are derived from the verses (ayahs) referring to hijab in the Qur'an;[24] others believe that the Qur'an does not mandate that women need to wear a hijab.[11][12] Some reformist groups consider the issue of veiling in Islam as only a recommendation made according to the conditions of the past and that regarding it as a necessity is an imposition of Islamist ideology.[11][12]
The practice of Islamic veiling varies around the world according to local laws and customs. The hijab is currently required by law to be worn by women in Iran[25] and in Afghanistan by the Taliban government.[26] Since 2018 it has no longer been required by law in Saudi Arabia.[27][28][29] Other countries, both in Europe and in the Muslim world,[30] have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales.[31][32][33] Women in different parts of the world have also experienced unofficial pressure to wear or not wear a hijab.[32][33]
- ^ Piela, Anna (6 April 2022). "Muslim Women and the Politics of the Headscarf". Jstor. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ Mitchell, Travis (29 June 2021). "9. Religious clothing and personal appearance". Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Khir-Allah, Ghufran (24 May 2021). Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes. Springer. ISBN 9789811616532.
- ^ Lindberg, Christine A. (2012). Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-982992-7.
- ^ "Religious clothing and personal appearance". Pew Research Center. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
- ^ Spurgeon, Andrew B. (14 August 2016). Twin Cultures Separated by Centuries: An Indian Reading of 1 Corinthians. Langham Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-78368-139-6.
Ghoonghat (also ghunghat or jhund) is the Hindi word used for a veil or a scarf that a woman in northern India wears to cover her head or face (in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam). Sometimes the end of a sari or dupatta (a long scarf) is pulled over the head or face to function as a ghoonghat.
- ^ Garcia, Myrian (15 March 2022). "How India's Religious Headwear Ban Affects Muslims And Not Hindus". Religion Unplugged. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
eogrwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ “Hijab.” Cambridge Dictionary, dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hijab. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023.
- ^ Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed (December 2020). Representing Islam: Hip-Hop of the September 11 Generation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-05305-3.
- ^ a b c Syed, Ibrahim. "The Quran Does Not Mandate Hijab". Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
auto2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Behind the Veil: Oppression or Assertion" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2023.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
El Guindiwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
aslanwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
ahmedWomIslamwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Glasse, Cyril (2001). "hijab". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Altamira Press. pp. 179–180.
- ^ Sahar Amer (2014), What Is Veiling?, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 25-27
- ^ Lane's Lexicon page 519 and 812
- ^ Contemporary Fatwas by Sheik Yusuf Al Qaradawi, vol. 1, pp. 453-455
- ^ Ruh Al Ma’ani by Shihaab Adeen Abi Athanaa’, vol. 18, pp. 309, 313
- ^ Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2008.
- ^ "YÜZÜ ÖRTMENİN HÜKMÜNE DÂİR DETAYLI DELİLLER - İslam Soru-Cevap". islamqa.info.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2003), p. 721, New York: Macmillan Reference USA
- ^ "Hijab law in Iran over the decades: the continuing battle for reform | Blog | University of Essex". www.essex.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ Hadid, Diaa (7 May 2022). "The Taliban orders women to wear head-to-toe clothing in public". npr.org. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ Abdulaziz, Donna (2 October 2019). "Saudi Women Are Breaking Free From the Black Abaya". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Almost immediately, women became more comfortable wearing their headscarves loosely or not at all
- ^ Nic Robertson (5 December 2020). "Saudi Arabia has changed beyond recognition. But will tourists want to visit?". CNN.
- ^ Mail, Daily (15 September 2019). "Rebel Saudi women appear in public without hijab, abaya; onlookers stunned | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Azerbaijan: [1], Morocco:[2][3][4], Tunisia:[5][6][7][8], Egypt:[9][10] Algeria:[11], Turkey: [12][13][14][15][16] France: [17][18], Germany:[19][20], Senegal:[21], Singapore:[22], Kosovo: [23], Québec: [24], Austria: [25], Switzerland: [26], Denmark: [27] , Kazakhstan: [28], Kyrgystan: [29], Tajikistan: [30], Turkmenistan: [31], Uzbekistan: [32]
- ^ "Which countries have a 'burqa ban'? – DW – 08/01/2019". dw.com. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ a b M. J. Gohari (2000). The Taliban: Ascent to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108-110.
- ^ a b Louis A. Cainkar (2009). Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim American Experience After 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9781610447683.