Model structure of a 75-atom two-layer gold cluster with a diameter of roughly 2 nm deposited on a rutile TiO2(110) surface. Yellow, gray and red spheres depict gold, titanium and oxygen atoms, respectively. The structure has not been optimized computationally, and thus serves only as a conceptual illustration.
Heterogeneous gold catalysis refers to the use of elemental gold as a heterogeneous catalyst. As in most heterogeneous catalysis, the metal is typically supported on metal oxide. Furthermore, as seen in other heterogeneous catalysts, activity increases with a decreasing diameter of supported gold clusters. Several industrially relevant processes are also observed such as H2 activation, Water-gas shift reaction, and hydrogenation.[1][2][3] One or two gold-catalyzed reactions may have been commercialized.[4]
The high activity of supported gold clusters has been proposed to arise from a combination of structural changes, quantum-size effects and support effects that preferentially tune the electronic structure of gold[5] such that optimal binding of adsorbates during the catalytic cycle is enabled.[2][3][6] The selectivity and activity of gold nanoparticles can be finely tuned by varying the choice of support material, with e.g. titania (TiO2), hematite (α-Fe2O3), cobalt(II/III) oxide (Co3O4) and nickel(II) oxide (NiO) serving as the most effective support materials for facilitating the catalysis of CO combustion.[1] Besides enabling an optimal dispersion of the nanoclusters, the support materials have been suggested to promote catalysis by altering the size, shape, strain and charge state of the cluster.[3][7][8] A precise shape control of the deposited gold clusters has been shown to be important for optimizing the catalytic activity, with hemispherical, few atomic layers thick nanoparticles generally exhibiting the most desirable catalytic properties due to maximized number of high-energy edge and corner sites.[1][6][9]
^ abcHaruta, Masatake (1997). "Size- and support-dependency in the catalysis of gold". Catalysis Today. 36 (1): 153–166. doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(96)00208-8.
^ abHaruta, Masatake (2011-10-04). "Spiers Memorial Lecture : Role of perimeter interfaces in catalysis by gold nanoparticles". Faraday Discussions. 152: 11–32, discussion 99–120. Bibcode:2011FaDi..152...11H. doi:10.1039/c1fd00107h. ISSN 1364-5498. PMID 22455036.
^ abcvan Santen, Rutger Anthony; Neurock, Matthew (2006). Molecular heterogeneous catalysis. A conceptual and computational approach. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 53–60. ISBN 978-3-527-29662-0.
^Cite error: The named reference Pagliaro 2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^P. Chatterjee; H. Wang; J. S. Manzano; U. Kanbur; A. D. Sadow; I. I. Slowing (2022). "Surface ligands enhance the catalytic activity of supported Au nanoparticles for the aerobic α-oxidation of amines to amides". Catal. Sci. Technol. 12 (6): 1922–1933. doi:10.1039/D1CY02121D. S2CID 246575960.
^ abValden, M.; Lai, X.; Goodman, D. W. (1998-09-11). "Onset of Catalytic Activity of Gold Clusters on Titania with the Appearance of Nonmetallic Properties". Science. 281 (5383): 1647–1650. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1647V. doi:10.1126/science.281.5383.1647. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9733505.
^Chen, M. S.; Goodman, D. W. (2004-10-08). "The Structure of Catalytically Active Gold on Titania". Science. 306 (5694): 252–255. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..252C. doi:10.1126/science.1102420. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15331772. S2CID 19323471.
^Landman, Uzi; Yoon, Bokwon; Zhang, Chun; Heiz, Ueli; Arenz, Matthias (2007-06-01). "Factors in gold nanocatalysis: oxidation of CO in the non-scalable size regime". Topics in Catalysis. 44 (1–2): 145–158. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.9120. doi:10.1007/s11244-007-0288-6. ISSN 1022-5528. S2CID 17560286.
^Mavrikakis, M.; Stoltze, P.; Nørskov, J. K. (2000-02-01). "Making gold less noble". Catalysis Letters. 64 (2–4): 101–106. doi:10.1023/A:1019028229377. ISSN 1011-372X. S2CID 96863829.
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