The inverted Hawaiian flag represents the Hawaiian Kingdom in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.
Main issues
Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Opposition to the overthrow
Legal status of Hawaii
US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
Governments
Chiefdom
Kingdom
Provisional Government
Government in Exile
Republic
Territory
State
Historical conflicts
Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)
Wilcox rebellion of 1889
Leper War on Kauaʻi
Black Week (Hawaii)
1895 Wilcox rebellion
Modern events
Hawaiian Renaissance
2008 occupation of Iolani Palace
125th anniversary of the overthrow
Parties and organizations
Aloha ʻĀina Party
Home Rule Party of Hawaii
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
Documents and ideas
Sovereignty Restoration Day
Blount Report
Morgan Report
Bayonet Constitution
Proposed 1893 Constitution
Kūʻē Petitions
Newlands Resolution
Hawaiian Organic Act
Apology Resolution
Akaka Bill
Books
Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen
Kaua Kuloko 1895[11]
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The Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian: Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi), was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands which existed from 1795 to 1893. It was established during the late 18th century when Hawaiian chief Kamehameha I, from the island of Hawaiʻi, conquered the islands of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi, and unified them under one government. In 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were fully unified when the islands of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau voluntarily joined the Hawaiian Kingdom. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.
The kingdom subsequently gained diplomatic recognition from European powers and the United States. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers soon began arriving to the kingdom, introducing diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles, leading to the rapid decline of the Native Hawaiian population. In 1887, King Kalākaua was forced to accept a new constitution after a coup d'état by the Honolulu Rifles, a volunteer military unit recruited from American settlers. Queen Liliʻuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to abrogate the new constitution. She was subsequently overthrown in a 1893 coup engineered by the Committee of Safety, a group of Hawaiian subjects who were mostly of American descent, and supported by the U.S. military.[12] The Committee of Safety dissolved the kingdom and established the Republic of Hawaii, intending for the U.S. to annex the islands, which it did on July 4, 1898 via the Newlands Resolution. Hawaii became part of the U.S. as the Territory of Hawaii until it became a U.S. state in 1959.
In 1993, the United States Senate passed the Apology Resolution, which acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and "the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi or through a plebiscite or referendum." Opposition to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii played a major role in the creation of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, which calls for Hawaiian independence from American rule.
^Kanahele, George S. (1995). "Kamehameha's First Capital". Waikiki, 100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.: An Untold Story. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 90–102. ISBN 978-0-8248-1790-9.
^Patricia Schultz (2007). 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die. Workman Pub. p. 932. ISBN 978-0-7611-4738-1.
^Bryan Fryklund (January 4, 2011). Hawaii: The Big Island. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-58843-637-5.
^FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1991. p. 14.
^Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (November 5, 2013). The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
^Patrick Vinton Kirch; Thérèse I. Babineau (1996). Legacy of the landscape: an illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-1816-6.
^Benjamin F. Shearer (2004). The Uniting States: Alabama to Kentucky. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-313-33105-3.
^Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (May 23, 2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
^Engineering Magazine. Engineering Magazine Company. 1892. p. 286.
^Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^Spencer, Thomas P. (1895). Kaua Kuloko 1895. Honolulu: Papapai Mahu Press Publishing Company. OCLC 19662315.
^Schulz, Joy (2017). Hawaiian by Birth: Missionary Children, Bicultural Identity, and U.S. Colonialism in the Pacific. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–238. ISBN 978-0803285897.
The HawaiianKingdom, also known as Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian: Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi), was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands which existed...
recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of Kamehameha III. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the HawaiianKingdom entered...
The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (Hawaiian: ke ea Hawaiʻi) is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent...
of the HawaiianKingdom (Hawaiian: ʻAhaʻōlelo o ke Aupuni o Hawaiʻi) was the bicameral (later unicameral) legislature of the HawaiianKingdom. A royal...
The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) was first adopted in the early 19th century by the HawaiianKingdom and continued to be used after its overthrow...
plantation agency in Hawaii.[page needed] The Hawaiian League and Americans had developed a vast majority of the HawaiianKingdom's wealth. Lorrin A. Thurston...
The Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian: Mokupuni Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the...
next. Hence, the Hawaiian religion focuses on ways to live and relate to the land and instills a sense of community. The HawaiianKingdom was formed in 1795...
(1967). The HawaiianKingdom, Volume 3. University of Hawaii Press. p. 582. ISBN 0-87022-433-6. Kuykendall, Ralph (1967). The HawaiianKingdom, Volume 3...
The 1852 Constitution of the HawaiianKingdom, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction...
Adventure and History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd. p. 399. OCLC 479709. Hawaiian Head of State Kingdom of Hawaii...
name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government used Hawaii for the state...
Privy Council of the HawaiianKingdom, also known as the King's Privy Council of State or Queen's Privy Council of State (Hawaiian: Ka Mōʻī ʻAha Kūkākūkā...
The coat of arms of the HawaiianKingdom was officially adopted by the Legislative Assembly in 1845, during the reign of King Kamehameha III. The arms...
Hawaii (Hawaiian: Lepupalika o Hawaiʻi) was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had...
Provisional Government of Hawaii (abbr.: P.G.; Hawaiian: Aupuni Kūikawā o Hawaiʻi) was proclaimed after the overthrow of the HawaiianKingdom on January 17, 1893...
Constitution of the HawaiianKingdom abrogated the 1852 constitution issued by King Kamehameha III. It dramatically changed the way Hawaii's government worked...
is no treaty of annexation between the HawaiianKingdom and the United States. The legality of control of Hawaii by the United States has also been raised...
overthrow of the HawaiianKingdom, the idea for "Hawaiian Homelands" was first born. In his testimony before Congress regarding the Hawaiian Islands on January...
The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory (Hawaiian: Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed...
Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736...
the overthrow of the HawaiianKingdom took several forms. Following the overthrow of the monarchy on January 17, 1893, Hawaii's provisional government—under...
the HawaiianKingdom (Hawaiian: ʻAha Kuhina o ke Aupuni) was a body of the top executive officials appointed to advise the sovereign of the Hawaiian Kingdom...
Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It was often visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the HawaiianKingdom by the...
Hawaiian architecture is a distinctive architectural style developed and employed primarily in the Hawaiian Islands. Though based on imported Western...
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