Harappa is an archaeological site in Pakistan, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Sahiwal. The Bronze Age Harappan civilisation, now more often called the Indus Valley Civilisation, is named after the site, which takes its name from a modern village near the former course of the Ravi River, which now runs 8 km (5.0 mi) to the north. The core of the Harappan civilisation extended over a large area, from Gujarat in the south, across Sindh and Rajasthan and extending into Punjab and Haryana. Numerous sites have been found outside the core area, including some as far east as Uttar Pradesh and as far west as Sutkagen-dor on the Makran coast of Balochistan, not far from Iran.[1][2]
The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Harappan civilisation centred in Sindh and the Punjab, and then the Cemetery H culture.[3] The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares (370 acres) with clay brick houses at its greatest extent during the Mature Harappan phase (2600 BCE – 1900 BCE), which is considered large for its time.[4][5] Per archaeological convention of naming a previously unknown civilisation by its first excavated site, the Indus Valley Civilisation is also called the Harappan Civilisation.
The ancient city of Harappa was heavily damaged under British and French rule, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the construction of the Lahore–Multan Railway [citation needed]. The current village of Harappa is less than 1 km (0.62 mi) from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy railway station from the British Raj period, it is a small crossroads town of 15,000 people today. In 2005, a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artefacts during the early stages of building work.[6]
^Giosan, L., Clift, P. D., Macklin, M. G., Fuller, D. Q., Constantinescu, S., Durcan, J. A., ... & Syvitski, J. P. (2012). Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(26), E1688-E1694.
^Dales, George F. (June 1962). "Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast". Antiquity. 36 (142): 86–92. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00029689. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 164175444.
^Basham, A. L.; Dani, D. H. (Winter 1968–1969). "(Review of) A Short History of Pakistan: Book One: Pre-Muslim Period". Pacific Affairs. 41 (4): 641–643. doi:10.2307/2754608. JSTOR 2754608.
^Fagan, Brian (2003). People of the earth: an introduction to world prehistory. Pearson. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-13-111316-9.
^Cite error: The named reference unesco was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Tahir, Zulqernain. 26 May 2005. Probe body on Harappa park, Dawn. Retrieved 13 January 2006. Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Harappa is an archaeological site in Pakistan, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Sahiwal. The Bronze Age Harappan civilisation, now more often called the Indus...
Harappan is sometimes applied to the Indus civilisation after its type site Harappa, the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the...
Harappa Museum is an archaeology museum based in Harappa, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located about 7 kilometers from Harappa railway station, and is 17 km...
Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-Daro is located in modern-day Sindh, while Harappa is in Pakistani Punjab. in British India...
division. The Sahiwal District has been settled from the pre-historical era. Harappa is an archaeological site, about 35 km (22 mi) west of Sahiwal, that was...
weights during the Kot Diji phase of this period. However, excavations at Harappa have demonstrated the development of some symbols from potter's marks and...
The Harappa files is a 2011 graphic novel by Indian graphic artist Sarnath Banerjee. It is the author's third graphic novel after Corridor and The Barn...
cultural ancestor to site at Harappa. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali...
Founding Dean of Indian School of Business (ISB)., and one of the Founders of Harappa Education, 9.9 Group, Ashoka University, Vedica Scholars Programme for...
September 2003, II, 657- 664 "'Priest King,' Mohenjo-daro | Harappa". "'Priest King' Forehead | Harappa". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diadems. Diadem...
Jōmon period ended in Japan. Decline of Harappan civilization began. The Harappa Torso was sculpted by a member of the Indus Valley culture. Vessel, from...
materials out of town. The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi. This urban plan...
exuberant culture of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.[citation needed] After the core of the Indus civilisation had decayed in Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Lothal seems...
various sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Following the decline of the Indus valley civilization, Indo-Aryan tribes...
known cultivated wheat from India with evidence from the Chalcolithic site Harappa and the later site Ter Triticum vulgare - also called "Bread wheat" evidence...
Valley Civilisation." The other major Harappan sites discovered so far are Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Ganeriwala, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan, Rupnagar and Lothal...
grid-planned city in south Asia dated c. 3300 BCE. By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and other major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, were built with...
Perspectives on the Indus Tradition: Contributions from recent research at Harappa and other sites in Pakistan and India", in Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization:...
1928/29 season by Madho Sarup Vats, to the south of the "Great Granary" at Harappa. This ought to belong to the Mature Harappan period based on the dating...
flood banks. The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the...
Pakistan and western India. Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence...
(2004), Megalithic pottery inscription and a Harappa tablet:A case of extraordinary resemblance (PDF), Harappa, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November...
"Toys and Civilization | Harappa". www.harappa.com. Retrieved 2022-09-16. "Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of India". harappa.com. Retrieved 2022-09-16...
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Harappan may refer to: Aspects related to Harappa, an archaeological site (c. 3300–1600 BC) and city in Punjab in northeast...
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