This article is about the prehistoric culture. For the culture of the city of Hamburg, see Hamburg § Culture and contemporary life.
Shouldered point from Bjerlev Hede in central Jutland. Dated around 12,500 BC and considered the oldest hunting tool from Denmark
The Hamburg culture or Hamburgian (15,500-13,100 BP) was a Late Upper Paleolithic culture of reindeer hunters in northwestern Europe during the last part of the Weichsel Glaciation beginning during the Bölling interstadial.[1] Sites are found close to the ice caps of the time.[2] They extend as far north as the Pomeranian ice margin.[3]
The Hamburg Culture has been identified at many places, for example, the settlement at Meiendorf and Ahrensburg[4] north of Hamburg, Germany. It is characterized by shouldered points and zinken tools, which were used as chisels when working with antler. In later periods tanged Havelte-type points appear, sometimes described as most of all a northwestern phenomenon. Notwithstanding the spread over a large geographical area in which a homogeneous development is not to be expected, the definition of the Hamburgian as a technological complex of its own has not recently been questioned.[2]
The culture spread from northern France to southern Scandinavia in the north and to Poland in the east. In Britain a related culture is called Creswellian[citation needed].
A Hamburg culture shouldered point
In the early 1980s, the first find from the culture in Scandinavia was excavated at Jels in Southern Jutland. Recently,[when?] new finds have been discovered at, for example, Finja in northern Skåne. The latest findings (2005) have shown that these people travelled far north along the Norwegian coast dryshod during the summer, since the sea level was 50 metres (160 ft) lower than today.[citation needed]
In northern Germany, camps with layers of detritus have been found. In the layers there is a great deal of horn and bone, and it appears that the reindeer was an important prey.
The distribution of the finds in the settlements show that the settlements were small and only inhabited by a small group of people. At a few settlements, archaeologists have discovered circles of stones, interpreted as weights for a teepee covering.[5]
The Paleolithic
↑ Pliocene (before Homo)
Lower Paleolithic (c. 3.3 Ma – 300 ka)
Lomekwi (3.3 Ma)
Oldowan (2.6–1.7 Ma)
Acheulean (1.76–0.13 Ma)
Madrasian (1.5 Ma)
Soanian (500–130 ka)
Clactonian (424–400 ka)
Mugharan (400–220 ka)
Middle Paleolithic (c. 300–50 ka)
Mousterian (160–40 ka)
Aterian (145–20 ka)
Micoquien (130–70 ka)
Sangoan (130–10 ka)
Upper Paleolithic (c. 50–12 ka)
Initial Upper Paleolithic
Fertile Crescent:
Emiran (50–40 ka)
Ahmarian (46–42 ka)
Baradostian (36–18 ka)
Aurignacian (35–29 ka)
Zarzian (20–10 ka)
Kebaran (18–12.5 ka)
Trialetian (16–8 ka)
Natufian (14.5–11.5 ka)
Khiamian (12.2–10.8 ka)
Europe:
Bohunician (48–40 ka)
Châtelperronian (44.5–36 ka)
Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (43–32 ka)
Aurignacian (43–26 ka)
Szeletian (41,000-37,000)
Périgordian (35–20 ka)
Gravettian (33–24 ka)
Pavlovian (29–25 ka)
Solutrean (22–17 ka)
Epigravettian (20–10 ka)
Magdalenian (17–12 ka)
Hamburg (15.5–13.1 ka)
Federmesser (14–12.8 ka)
Azilian (14–10 ka)
Ahrensburg (13–12 ka)
Swiderian (11–8 ka)
Africa:
Khormusan (42–18 ka)
Iberomaurusian (25–11 ka)
Mushabian
Halfan (22–14 ka)
Qadan (15—11 ka)
Sebilian (15–11 ka)
Eburran (15–5 ka)
Magosian (10–8 ka)
Siberia:
Mal'ta–Buret' (24–15 ka)
Afontova Gora (21–12 ka}
↓ Mesolithic
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^It is obvious, for instance, that the Hamburgian culture cannot be related to a so-called 'Meiendorf interstadial' which was distinguished erroneously and which attributed too high an age to the culture. Burdukiewicz, Jan Michał (1986) The late Pleistocene shouldered point assemblages in western Europe (originally published in Polish in 1982) E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Nederlands, page 108, ISBN 978-90-04-08100-0
^ abFrom the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends - THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, ISBN 87-983097-5-7, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-10-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^https://web.archive.org/web/20080911072452/http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~histor/~ufg/mitarbeiter/terberger/Terberger1_LoRes.pdf " Taking the distribution pattern of the Hamburgian sites into consideration, it stands out that the sites with shouldered points reach as far north as the Pomeranian ice margin"
^Der umstrittene Ehrenbürger - Region - Stormarn - Hamburger Abendblatt
^Jim Grant; Sam Gorin; Neil Fleming (27 March 2015). The Archaeology Coursebook: An Introduction to Themes, Sites, Methods and Skills. Routledge. pp. 299–. ISBN 978-1-317-54111-0.
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