The Haijin (海禁) or sea ban was a series of related isolationist policies in China restricting private maritime trading and coastal settlement during most of the Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty. The policy introduced by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang significantly hampered the growth of China's domestic trade,[1] although the Ming was not able to enforce the policy in full despite official proclamations, and trade continued in forms like smuggling until the late Ming government opened the port of Yuegang for trade. Later, the early Qing dynasty's anti-insurgent "Great Clearance" (1661–1683) also caused considerable devastating effects on communities along the coast, until the Qing seized control of Taiwan and opened coastal ports to foreign trade.
First imposed to deal with Japanese piracy amid the mopping up of Yuan dynasty partisans, the sea ban was completely counterproductive: by the 16th century, piracy and smuggling were endemic and mostly consisted of Chinese who had been dispossessed by the policy. China's foreign trade was limited to irregular and expensive tribute missions, and the military pressure from the Mongols after the disastrous Battle of Tumu led to the scrapping of Zheng He's fleets. Piracy dropped to negligible levels only upon the end of the policy in 1567, but a modified form was subsequently adopted by the Qing. This produced the Canton System of the Thirteen Factories, but also the opium smuggling that led to the First and Second Opium Wars in the 19th century.
The Chinese policy was mimicked in other East Asian countries in the same period, such as in Edo period Japan by the Tokugawa shogunate, where the policy was known as kaikin (海禁) / Sakoku (鎖国), as well as in Joseon Korea, which became known as the "Hermit Kingdom", before they were opened militarily in 1853 and 1876 respectively.
^Rowe, William (2010), China's Last Empire - The Great Qing, Harvard University Press, p. 123, ISBN 9780674054554, retrieved August 31, 2023
The Haijin (海禁) or sea ban was a series of related isolationist policies in China restricting private maritime trading and coastal settlement during most...
with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, like the Haijin during the early Qing period and ideological control as represented by the...
Macau in 1557. After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the Haijin policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming...
trade with China was banned in 1644 following the Qing conquest under the Haijin policies. It was limited only to Macau on a lesser scale while the new dynasty...
prosperity. After the First Opium War, centuries of maritime prohibitions (海禁; hǎijìn; hoi2 gam3) ended. Large numbers of Cantonese people from the Pearl River...
Western Australia when it closed its borders during the COVID pandemic. Haijin – Isolationist policy in early modern China Sakoku – Japanese isolationist...
named after a beacon, where a garrison was stationed to enforce the decree. Haijin Punti-Hakka Clan Wars Jiangnan was divided into two provinces of Jiangsu...
that after Zheng He's voyages China turned away from the seas due to the Haijin edict and was isolated from European technological advancements. Modern...
February 2008, the World Haiku Festival was held in Bangalore, gathering haijin from all over India and Bangladesh, as well as from Europe and the United...
and were not followed up, as the Chinese Ming dynasty retreated in the haijin, a policy of isolationism, having limited maritime trade. By 1400, a Latin...
in documents at the time, and derived from the similar Chinese concept haijin. During the sakoku period, Japan traded with five entities, through four...
2019. Pineda, Rafael Antonio (March 15, 2023). "Sora's Tsuiraku JK to Haijin Kyōshi Manga Gets Live-Action Series in April". Anime News Network. Retrieved...
Malacca, 10 for Pattani, and 8 for Java, among others. The Chinese policy of haijin (海禁, "sea bans"), limiting trade with China to tributary states and those...
official records or "donated" their lands to tax-exempt eunuchs or temples. Haijin laws intended to protect the coasts from Japanese pirates instead turned...
Sumatra in 1463. As in 1371, China initiated its maritime prohibition policy (Haijin) to Japan, Ryukyu gained a lot from its position as intermediary in the...
Khanbaliq for Shangdu in the face of a Ming advance. 1371 Ming implemented the haijin, a ban on all private maritime commerce. 1373 The Hongwu Emperor abolished...
Yúwén) Rejected from selection on September 5, 2013. Yang Haijin (Chinese: 杨海赆; pinyin: Yáng Hǎijìn) ( (1996-06-06) June 6, 1996 (age 27) in Shanghai) Left...
merchants in southern China, helped persuade the Ming court to end the haijin ban on private international trade in 1567. Pirates also projected local...
incorporates the aesthetics of haikai. Haiga are typically painted by haiku poets (haijin), and often accompanied by a haiku poem. Like the poetic form it accompanied...
Fujian with the Portuguese Empire and Dutch East India Company during the Haijin ("Sea Ban") period in the 16th and 17th century. One of the earliest known...
regime. In 1567, the grand coordinator of Fujian proposed to abolish the Haijin policy, which was approved by the government and the emperor. This led to...
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