Григорий Христофорович фон Засс[1] Georg Otto Ewald Freiherr von Saß
General Zass
Born
(1797-04-29)29 April 1797
Died
4 December 1883(1883-12-04) (aged 86)
Šķēde Manor, Courland Governorate, Russian Empire
Monuments
Monument to General G. H. Sass
Nationality
Baltic German[2]
Citizenship
Russian Empire
Occupation
Military officer
Known for
Russian general, participant in the Caucasian War. He is known for pursuing an extremely cruel policy in which he intimidated the Circassians as part of the Circassian genocide.[3]
Chief of the right flank of the Caucasian line, 1840
The vanguard of the 3rd Corps, 1849
Conflict
Napoleonic Wars
War of the Sixth Coalition
German campaign of 1813
Battle of Dresden
Battle of Kulm
Battle of Leipzig
1814 campaign in north-east France
Siege of Metz (1814)
Battle of Brienne
Battle of Bar-sur-Aube
Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
Battle of Fère-Champenoise
Battle of Paris (1814)
Hundred Days
Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)
Russian conquest of the Caucasus
Caucasian War
Assault on Germenchuk (WIA)
Russo-Circassian War [timeframe?]
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Crimean War [timeframe?]
Awards
Order of St. George
Order of Saint Vladimir
Order of Saint Anna
Order of Saint Stanislaus
Cross of St. George
Golden Weapon Award
v
t
e
Russian colonial campaigns
pre-18th century
Siberia (1580–late 17th century)
Manchuria (1652–1689)
18th-20th century
Khivan campaign of 1717
Caucasus/northern Persia (1722–1723)
Caucasus (1800–1864)
Circassia
North Caucasus
Russian colonization of North America
Battle of Sitka
Turkestan (1839–1895)
Khivan campaign of 1839
Bukhara
Khivan campaign of 1873
China/Manchuria (1899–1901)
Manchuria and Korea (1904–05)
Persia (1908–11)
Grigory Khristoforovich von Zass (1797–1883; Russian: Григорий Христофорович Засс) was a Russian Imperial general who commanded Russian cavalry troops in the Napoleonic Wars and Russo-Circassian War,[6][7][8][9][10][11] initially gaining prominence for his genocidal actions against the Circassians, whom he reportedly saw as a "lowly race".[12][13][14][15] He was the founder of the city of Armavir, Russia.[6]
In 2003, the Russian Federation controversially erected his statue on former Circassian territories where the Circassian genocide occurred, infuriating Circassians and Circassian nationalist establishments worldwide.[16][17]
^"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (2797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny" ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны. Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
^"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (2797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny" ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны. Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia. Retrieved 20 January 2022. He came from an ancient Westphalian baronial family. His ancestors in the fifteenth century moved to the Baltic States.
^"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich" Засс Григорий Христофорович. Caucasian Knot. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2022. Русский генерал, участник Кавказской войны. Известен тем, что проводил крайне жестокую политику устрашения черкесов. [Russian general, participant in the Caucasian War. He is known for pursuing an extremely cruel policy of intimidating the Circassians.]
^"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (1797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny" ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны. Encyclopedia of Germans of Russia. Retrieved 20 January 2022. Emperor Alexander II ordered Sass to be enlisted
^"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich" Засс Григорий Христофорович. Caucasian Knot. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2022. 1864, G. H. von Sass was again called up for service by Alexander II
^ abЩербина Ф. А. История Армавира и черкесо-горцев. — Екатеринодар: Электро-тип. т-во «Печатник», 1916.
^Dönmez, Yılmaz (31 May 2018). "General Zass'ın Kızının Adigeler Tarafından Kaçırılışı". ÇERKES-FED (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^"Bianet :: Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor". m.bianet.org. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
^"Zass Grigory Khristoforovich" Засс Григорий Христофорович. Кавказский Узел. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
^"ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich fon (1797–1883), baron, general ot kavalerii, geroy Kavkazskoy voyny" ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны. enc.rusdeutsch.ru. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
^Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
^"Velyaminov, Zass ve insan kafası biriktirme hobisi". Jıneps Gazetesi (in Turkish). 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
^Duvar, Gazete (14 September 2020). "Kafkasya'nın istenmeyen Rus anıtları: Kolonyal geçmişi hatırlatıyorlar". Gazeteduvar (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
^Rajović, G. & Ezhevski, D. O. & Vazerova, A. G. & Trailovic, M.. (2018). "The Tactics and Strategy of General G.Kh. Zass in the Caucasus". Bylye Gody. 50. 1492–1498. doi:10.13187/bg.2018.4.1492.[dead link]
^P., T. (2020). "Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor". Bianet. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
^"New Monuments of Russian Heroes of Russian-Circassian War Anger Circassians". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
Grigory Khristoforovich von Zass (1797–1883; Russian: Григорий Христофорович Засс) was a Russian Imperial general who commanded Russian cavalry troops...
intimidation of the Circassian population. Russian generals such as GrigoryZass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass...
1800s, particularly under the command of the Tsarist Russian general GrigoryZass, the mass deportations, mass murders and extermination operations — where...
became a Circassian commander. As a result, in 1833, Russian general GrigoryZass, known for his hatred towards the Circassians, completely destroyed his...
Middle East, especially modern-day Turkey. Russian generals such as GrigoryZass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and justified their killing...
to his tent and wept. During the Circassian genocide, German general GrigoryZass in the Russian army sent the severed Circassian heads to his fellow Germans...
Kabardia resist against Russian occupation, but failed. In October 1836, GrigoryZass sent Jembulat Boletoqo word that he would like to make peaceful negotiations...
Stackelberg was transferred to the unit under the command of General GrigoryZass (commander of the right flank of the Caucasus front) and fought against...
headquarters of Transylvania, composed by the Russian detachment led by Colonel Grigory Skariatin Austrian troops led by Lieutenant General Alois Pfersmann, and...