Global InformationGreater spotted eagle information
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| Greater spotted eagle | |
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| Immature individual at Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, Rajasthan. The spots will be lost in adulthood. | |
Conservation status
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 Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Genus: | Clanga |
| Species: | C. clanga
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| Binomial name | |
| Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811)
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| Range of C. clanga
Breeding Passage Non-breeding
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| Synonyms | |
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Aquila clanga | |
The greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga), also called the spotted eagle, is a large migratory bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.
It is a member of the subfamily Aquilinae, commonly known as "booted eagles".[2] It was once classified as a member of the genus Aquila, but has been reclassified to the distinct genus Clanga, along with the two other species of spotted eagle.[3]
During breeding season, greater spotted eagles are widely distributed across Eastern Europe, parts of Central Europe, central Russia, central Asia and parts of China, along with other isolated areas. During winter, they migrate, primarily to South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, the upper Mediterranean Basin, and parts of East Africa.[1][4] Greater spotted eagles favor wetter habitats than most other booted eagles, preferring riparian zones as well as bogs, lakes, ponds, and other bodies of water surrounded by woodland. They breed primarily on floodplains, especially ones that experience high water levels. During winter and migration, they often seek out similar wetland habitats, but have also been observed in dry upland areas such as savanna plateaus.[4][5]
The eagle is an opportunistic forager, especially during the winter. It will readily scavenge a variety of food sources, including carrion, as well as small mammals (principally rodents), frogs, and a variety of smaller birds (especially water birds), and occasionally reptiles and insects. The eagle is primarily an aerial hunter, gliding from concealed perches over marshes or wet fields to catch prey.[4][5][6][clarification needed]
This species builds stick nests in large trees, laying a clutch of one to three eggs. The female of a pair incubates and broods the young while the male hunts and delivers prey. Parents rarely raise more than one fledgling per year.[7][8] As is common among a few species of raptors, the oldest chick is much larger than its younger siblings, and will often attack and kill the younger siblings.[9]
The greater spotted eagle's range overlaps with the closely-related lesser spotted eagle (Clanga pomarina). The two species are known to breed together frequently, forming hybrid offspring, which is detrimental to the population of the rarer greater spotted eagles.[10] The greater spotted eagle is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Its populations are threatened by habitat destruction, collisions with objects, and hybridization with lesser spotted eagles.[4][11]
- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2021). "Clanga clanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22696027A203868747. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696027A203868747.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Helbig, A. J., Kocum, A., Seibold, I., & Braun, M. J. (2005). A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 35(1), 147-164.
- ^ Helbig, A. J., Seibold, I., Kocum, A., Liebers, D., Irwin, J., Bergmanis, U., Meyburg, B.-U., Scheller, W., Stubbe, M. & Bensch, S. (2005). Genetic differentiation and hybridization between greater and lesser spotted eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquila clanga, A. pomarina). The Journal of Ornithology, 146(3), 226-234.
- ^ a b c d Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
- ^ a b Naoroji, R., & Schmitt, N. J. (2007). Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent. Om Books International.
- ^ Karyakin, I. V. (2008). The Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga region, Ural Mountains and western Siberia. Raptors Conservation, 11, 23-69.
- ^ Brown, L. & Amadon, D. (1986) Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. The Wellfleet Press. ISBN 978-1555214722.
- ^ Väli, Ü. (2004). The greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga and the lesser spotted eagle A. pomarina: taxonomy, phylogeography and ecology. Tartu University Press.
- ^ Watson, Jeff (2010). The Golden Eagle. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-1420-9.
- ^ Väli, Ü., Dombrovski, V., Treinys, R., Bergmanis, U., Daroczi, S. J., Dravecky, M., Ivanovski, V., Lontkowski, J, Maciorowski, G., Meyburg, B.-U., Mizera, T., Zeitz, R. & Ellegren, H. (2010). Widespread hybridization between the greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga and the lesser spotted eagle Aquila pomarina (Aves: Accipitriformes) in Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100(3), 725-736.
- ^ Väli, Ü. (2015). Monitoring of spotted eagles in Estonia in 1994-2014: Stability of the lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) and decline of the greater spotted eagle (A. clanga). Slovak Raptor Journal, 9(1), 55.