Total amount of debt owed to lenders by a government/state
Public finance
Policies
Agricultural
Economic
Energy
Industrial
Investment
Social
Trade
Fiscal
Monetary
Policy mix
Fiscal policy
Budget
policy
Debt
internal
Deficit / surplus
Finance ministry
Fiscal union
Revenue
Spending
deficit
Tax
Monetary policy
Bank reserves
requirements
Discount window
Gold reserves
Interest rate
Monetary authority
central bank
currency board
Monetary base
Monetary (currency) union
Money supply
Trade policy
Balance of trade
Free trade
Gains from trade
Non-tariff barrier
Protectionism
Tariff
Trade bloc
Trade creation
Trade diversion
Trade / commerce ministry
Revenue
Spending
Non-tax revenue
Tax revenue
Discretionary spending
Mandatory spending
Optimum
Balanced budget
Economic growth
Price stability
Reform
Fiscal adjustment
Monetary reform
Portal
v
t
e
A country's gross government debt (also called public debt, or sovereign debt[1]) is the financial liabilities of the government sector.[2]: 81 Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits.[3] A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues.[4][2]: 79–82 Government debt may be owed to domestic residents, as well as to foreign residents. If owed to foreign residents, that quantity is included in the country's external debt.[5]
In 2020, the value of government debt worldwide was $87.4 US trillion, or 99% measured as a share of gross domestic product (GDP).[6] Government debt accounted for almost 40% of all debt (which includes corporate and household debt), the highest share since the 1960s.[6] The rise in government debt since 2007 is largely attributable to the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[6]
The ability of government to issue debt has been central to state formation and to state building.[7][8] Public debt has been linked to the rise of democracy, private financial markets, and modern economic growth.[7][8]
^"FT Lexicon" – The Financial Times
^ abCite error: The named reference gfsm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^OECD Data. "OECD General government debt". OECD.org.
^OECD Data. "General government deficit". OECD.org.
^International Monetary Fund. "External Debt Statistics: Guide for Compilers and Users". pp. 41–43.
^ abcGaspar, Vitor; Medas, Paulo; Perrelli, Roberto (15 December 2021). "Global Debt Reaches a Record $226 Trillion". IMF Blog.
^ abCite error: The named reference Eichengreen-2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Stasavage-2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
governmentdebt (also called public debt, or sovereign debt) is the financial liabilities of the government sector.: 81 Changes in governmentdebt over...
list of countries by governmentdebt. Gross governmentdebt is government financial liabilities that are debt instruments.: 81 A debt instrument is a financial...
The national debt of the United States is the total national debt owed by the federal government of the United States to Treasury security holders. The...
services, where the public debt is the money or credit owed by any level of government, from central to local, and the private debt the money or credit owed...
the Australian dollar. The Australian governmentdebt is the amount owed by the Australian federal government. The Australian Office of Financial Management...
Ontario governmentdebt consists of the liabilities of the Government of Ontario. Approximately 82% of Ontario's debt is in the form of debt securities...
Debt crisis is a situation in which a government (nation, state/province, county, or city etc.) loses the ability of paying back its governmental debt...
national debt (or governmentdebt) of the People's Republic of China is the total amount of money owed by the central government, local governments, government...
The Italian governmentdebt is the public debt owed by the government of Italy to all public and private lenders. This excludes unfunded state pensions...
The United Kingdom national debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities...
As of March 2023, the Japanese public debt is estimated to be approximately 9.2 trillion US Dollars (1.30 quadrillion yen), or 263% of GDP, and is the...
The European debt crisis, often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis, was a multi-year debt crisis that took...
The Toronto governmentdebt is the amount of money the City of Toronto government has borrowed to finance capital expenditures. Under the City of Toronto...
may be owed by sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding...
The external debt of India is the debt the country owes to foreign creditors. The debtors can be the Union government, state governments, corporations...
countries by estimated future gross[clarification needed] central governmentdebt based on data released in October 2020 by the International Monetary...
Canadian public debt, or general governmentdebt, is the liabilities of the government sector.: 23 Government gross debt consists of liabilities that...
The Nigeria national debt or simply national debt of Nigeria is the total amount of money that the Federal Government of Nigeria owes to its creditors...
Debt monetization or monetary financing is the practice of a government borrowing money from the central bank to finance public spending instead of selling...
federal government may pay by borrowing more money, on the debt it already borrowed. The debt ceiling is an aggregate figure that applies to gross debt, which...
debt can be traced back to the reign of William III, who engaged a syndicate of City traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt...
The national debt of Pakistan (Urdu: قومی قرضہ جاتِ پاکستان), or simply Pakistani debt, is the total public debt, or unpaid borrowed funds carried by...
financial year. The government budget balance can be broken down into the primary balance and interest payments on accumulated governmentdebt; the two together...
gross external debt (or foreign debt) is the liabilities that are owed to nonresidents by residents.: 5 The debtors can be governments, corporations or...
Global debt refers to the total amount of money owed by all sectors, including governments, businesses, and households worldwide. As of 2022[update],...
Global Information
