Goryeo (Korean: 고려; MR: Koryŏ; [ko.ɾjʌ]) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392.[12] Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea.[13][14] The name "Korea" is derived from the name of Goryeo, also romanized as Koryŏ, which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo.[15] According to Korean historians, it was during the Goryeo period that the individual identities of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla were successfully merged into a single entity that became the basis of the modern-day Korean identity.[15][16] Goryeo was the successor state to Later Goguryeo and Goguryeo.[17][18][19][20]
Throughout its existence, Goryeo, alongside Unified Silla, was known to be the "Golden Age of Buddhism" in Korea.[21] As the state religion, Buddhism achieved its highest level of influence in Korean history, with 70 temples in the capital alone in the 11th century.[22] Commerce flourished in Goryeo, with merchants coming from as far as the Middle East.[23][24] The capital in modern-day Kaesong, North Korea was a center of trade and industry.[25] Goryeo was a period of great achievements in Korean art and culture.[26]
During its heyday, Goryeo constantly wrestled with northern empires such as the Liao (Khitans) and Jin (Jurchens). It also attacked the Mongol–Yuan dynasty and reclaimed territories as the Yuan declined.[27] This is considered by modern Korean scholars to be Goryeo's Northern Expansion Doctrine (북진 정책) to reclaim ancestral lands formerly owned by Goguryeo.[28] As much as it valued education and culture, Goryeo was able to mobilize sizable military might during times of war.[29][30] It fended off massive armies of the Red Turban Rebels from China[31][32] and professional Japanese pirates[33][34] in its twilight years of the 14th century.[35] A final proposed attack against the Ming dynasty resulted in a coup d'état led by General Yi Sŏng-gye that ended the Goryeo dynasty.[36]
^Bielenstein 2005, p. 184.
^Korean History Society 2002, p. 15.
^김재명. "남경(南京)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^Seth 2010, p. 92.
^Lee 1984, p. 134.
^Haque, Dr Mozammel (3 February 2011). "Islamic Monitor: Islam and Muslims in Korea". islamicmonitor.blogspot.com.
^Keith Pratt, Richard Rutt, James Hoare (1999). Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 0-7007-0464-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Breuker 2010, p. 147.
^Em 2013, pp. 24–26.
^Breuker 2010, p. 157.
^Lee et al. 2014, p. 70.
^"Koryŏ dynasty | Korean history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
^Kim 2012, p. 120.
^Lee 1984, p. 103.
^ ab"고려". 문화콘텐츠닷컴 (in Korean). Korea Creative Contents Agency. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
^Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kim 2012, pp. 120–122.
^Seth, Michael (2019). A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 80.
^Lee, Soon Keun (2005). "On the Historical Succession of Goguryeo in Northeast Asia". Korea Journal. 45 (1): 187–190.
^history net. "Goryeo Drives Back the Khitan". History Net. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^Johnston, William M. (2013). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. Routledge. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-136-78715-7.
^Kim 2012, p. 148.
^Till, Geoffrey; Bratton, Patrick (2012). Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific: The Triumph of Neptune?. Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-136-62724-8. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
^Lee 2017a, p. 52.
^Ronald, Ma (1997). Financial Reporting in the Pacific Asia Region. World Scientific. p. 239. ISBN 978-981-4497-62-6. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
^Cite error: The named reference The Met was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Oh, Kiseung (2021). "Disputes in Goryeo-Mongol border area and Reclaim of the Ssangseong-Prefectures at fifth year of King Kongmin regined". ̈숭실사학. 46: 54 – via Korea Citation Index.
^"북진정책(北進政策)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^Kim, Nak Jin (2017). "Goryeo's Conquest of the Jurchen and Tactical Systems of Byeolmuban during the Reign of Sukjong and Yejong". ͕한국학논총. 47: 165 – via Kukmin University Korea Studies.
^"세계한민족문화대전". Encyclopedia of Overseas Korean Culture. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^Park, Jinhoon (2018). "On the Invasion of Red Turban Army (紅巾賊) in late Goryeo Dynasty and Military activities of Ahn-Woo (安祐)". Sahak Yonku : The Review of Korean History. 130: 97–135. doi:10.31218/TRKH.2018.06.130.97. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^Lee, Jung Ran (2018). "Invasion by Red Turban Bandits in 1361 into Goryeo and King Gongmin's Politics of Evacuation in Chungcheong Region". 지방사와 지방문화. 21: 40 – via Korea Citation Index.
^"왜구". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^"대마도정벌". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^Lee 2017b.
^"요동정벌". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2 April 2022.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Goryeo (Korean: 고려; MR: Koryŏ; [ko.ɾjʌ]) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period,...
Gwangjong of Goryeo (925 – 4 July 975), personal name Wang So, was the fourth monarch of Korea's Goryeo dynasty. Gwangjong was born in 925 as Wang So,...
Gyeongjong of Goryeo (9 November 955 – 13 August 981), personal name Wang Ch'u, was the fifth ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. He was the eldest...
Hyeonjong of Goryeo (1 August 992 – 17 June 1031), personal name Wang Sun, was the 8th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. He was a grandson of the...
U of Goryeo (25 July 1365 – 31 December 1389) ruled Goryeo (Korea) as the 32nd king from 1374 until 1388. He was the only son of King Gongmin. In the...
Taejo of Goryeo (Korean: 태조; Hanja: 太祖; 31 January 877[citation needed] – 4 July 943), personal name Wang Kŏn (Korean: 왕건; Hanja: 王建), also known as Taejo...
Hyejong of Goryeo (912 – 23 October 945), personal name Wang Mu, was the second king of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. He was preceded by King Taejo and...
Chungmok of Goryeo (15 May 1337 – 25 December 1348, r. 1344–1348), born Wang Hŭn (Korean: 왕흔; Hanja: 王昕), was the 29th king of the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea...
crown prince of Balhae and much of its ruling class fled to Goryeo after Balhae's fall. Goryeo whose name developed into the modern exonym "Korea", was highly...
Mokjong of Goryeo (5 July 980 – 2 March 1009), personal name Wang Song, was the seventh ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. Born as Wang Song, Mokjong...
King Chunghye of Goryeo (22 February 1315 – 30 January 1344, r. 1330–1332, 1340–1344), personal name Wang Chŏng (Korean: 왕정; Hanja: 王禎), was the 28th king...
against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives, the last campaign made most of Goryeo a vassal...
King Chungseon of Goryeo (20 October 1275 – 23 June 1325), born Wang Wŏn (Korean: 왕원; Hanja: 王謜), later changed his name to Wang Chang (왕장; 王璋), also known...
Sinjong of Goryeo (11 August 1144 – 15 February 1204, r. 1197–1204), personal name Wang T'ak, was the twentieth monarch of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea...
Munjong of Goryeo (29 December 1019 – 2 September 1083), personal name Wang Hwi, was the 11th monarch of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. King Munjong was...
Gongmin of Goryeo (23 May 1330 – 27 October 1374, also known by his Mongolian name, Bayan Temür) was 31st ruler of Goryeo from 1351 to 1374. He was the...
Gojong of Goryeo (1192–1259), personal name Wang Ch'ŏl, was the 23rd king of the Korean Goryeo dynasty, ruling from 1213 to 1259. Gojong's reign was marked...
The Military of Goryeo was the primary military force of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Later Three Kingdoms Period, Wang Kŏn overthrew the Taebong ruler...
Goryeo under Mongol rule refers to the rule of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty over the Korean Peninsula from about 1270 to 1356. After...
Deokjong of Goryeo (9 June 1016 – 31 October 1034), personal name Wang Hŭm, was the 9th king of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. The son of King Hyeonjong...
Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border...
King Chungnyeol of Goryeo (3 April 1236 – 30 July 1308), personal name Wang Kŏ, was the 25th king of Korea's Goryeo dynasty from 1274 to 1308. He was the...
King Chang of Goryeo (6 September 1380 – 31 December 1389) was the 33rd and youngest ruler of the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. His life and death is often...
Huijong of Goryeo (21 June 1181 – 31 August 1237, r. 1204–1211), personal name Wang Yŏng, was the 21st king of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. It is said...
Gongyang of Goryeo (9 March 1345 – 17 May 1394) was the 34th and final ruler of the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. He was the descendant of Duke Yangyang, brother...
King Chungsuk of Goryeo (30 July 1294 – 3 May 1339), personal name Wang Man (Korean: 왕만; Hanja: 王卍), né Wang To (Korean: 왕도; Hanja: 王燾),also known by his...
Baekje—constituted a Goryeo tianxia. Within the Goryeo tianxia, called Haedong or "East of the Sea", Goryeo monarchs were emperors and Sons of Heaven. Goryeo monarchs...