The Google Ngram Viewer or Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n-grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2019[1][2][3][4] in Google's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish.[2][5] There are also some specialized English corpora, such as American English, British English, and English Fiction.[6]
The program can search for a word or a phrase, including misspellings or gibberish.[5] The n-grams are matched with the text within the selected corpus, optionally using case-sensitive spelling (which compares the exact use of uppercase letters),[7] and, if found in 40 or more books, are then displayed as a graph.[8] The Google Ngram Viewer supports searches for parts of speech and wildcards.[6] It is routinely used in research.[9][10]
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^@searchliaison (July 13, 2020). "The Google Books Ngram Viewer has now been updated with fresh data through 2019" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-08-11 – via Twitter.
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^Greenfield, Patricia M. (September 2013). "The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000". Psychological Science. 24 (9): 1722–1731. doi:10.1177/0956797613479387. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 23925305. S2CID 6123553.
^Younes, Nadja; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich (October 2018). "The changing psychology of culture in German-speaking countries: A Google Ngram study: THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE". International Journal of Psychology. 53: 53–62. doi:10.1002/ijop.12428. PMID 28474338. S2CID 7440938.
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