Gliotransmitters are chemicals released from glial cells that facilitate neuronal communication between neurons and other glial cells. They are usually induced from Ca2+ signaling,[1] although recent research has questioned the role of Ca2+ in gliotransmitters and may require a revision of the relevance of gliotransmitters in neuronal signalling in general.[2]
While gliotransmitters can be released from any glial cell, including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, they are primarily released from astrocytes.[citation needed] Astrocytes rely on gap junctions for coupling, and are star-like in shape, which allows them to come into contact with many other synapses in various regions of the brain. Their structure also makes them capable of bidirectional signaling. It is estimated that astrocytes can make contact with over 100,000 synapses, allowing them to play an essential role in synaptic transmission.[1] While gliotransmission primarily occurs between astrocytes and neurons, gliotransmission is not limited to these two cell types.[3] Besides the central nervous system, gliotransmission also occurs among motor nerve terminals and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Another occurrence of gliotransmission takes place between glial cells in the retina, called Müller cells, and retinal neurons.[3]
^ abHalassa, M; Fellin, T; Hayden, P (2006). "The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 13 (2): 54–63. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.12.005. PMID 17207662.
^Agulhon, C.; Fiacco, T.A.; McCarthy, K.D. (2010). "Hippocampal Short- and Long-Term Plasticity Are Not Modulated by Astrocyte Ca2+ Signaling". Science. 327 (5970): 1250–4. doi:10.1126/science.1184821. PMID 20203048. S2CID 14594882.
^ abParea, G.; Araque, A. (2005). "Synaptic regulation of the astrocyte calcium signal". J Neural Transm. 112 (1): 127–135. doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0170-7. hdl:10261/154081. PMID 15599611. S2CID 23182200.
Ca2+ in gliotransmitters and may require a revision of the relevance of gliotransmitters in neuronal signalling in general. While gliotransmitters can be...
calcium levels, prompting the release of gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine.These gliotransmitters diffuse into the extracellular space...
waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and release gliotransmitters in response to changes in calcium concentration. Wound scars in the...
otherwise lead to excitotoxicity. Furthermore, astrocytes release gliotransmitters such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine in response to stimulation. While...
Astrocytes have a direct relationship with neurons through them releasing gliotransmitters. These transmitters allow communication between neurons and are triggered...
stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Data suggest that astrocytes also signal...
but also provide processing support via chemicals known as gliotransmitters. Gliotransmitters include glutamate, ATP, and, more recently, the amino acid...
neuronal components of the synapse as mediated by neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters. Evidence for the role of astrocytes in the integration and processing...
cortical pyramidal neurons. She also explores the potential of modifying gliotransmitters to ameliorate the symptoms of HD. In April 2021, she was elected to...
activity and indirect control of neuronal functions through release of gliotransmitters by astrocytes through gating of organic anions such as GABA. Chloride...
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