Points on a rotating astronomical body where the axis of rotation intersects the surface
A geographical axis of rotation A (green), and showing the north geographical pole A1, and south geographical pole A2; also showing a magnetic field and the magnetic axis of rotation B (blue), and the north magnetic pole B1, and south magnetic pole B2.
A geographical pole or geographic pole is either of the two points on Earth where its axis of rotation intersects its surface.[1] The North Pole lies in the Arctic Ocean while the South Pole is in Antarctica. North and South poles are also defined for other planets or satellites in the Solar System, with a North pole being on the same side of the invariable plane as Earth's North pole.[2]
Relative to Earth's surface, the geographic poles move by a few metres over periods of a few years.[3] This is a combination of Chandler wobble, a free oscillation with a period of about 433 days; an annual motion responding to seasonal movements of air and water masses; and an irregular drift towards the 80th west meridian.[4] As cartography requires exact and unchanging coordinates, the averaged[citation needed] locations of geographical poles are taken as fixed cartographic poles and become the points where the body's great circles of longitude intersect.
^Kotlyakov, Vladimir; Komarova, Anna (2006). "pole; geographic pole". Elsevier's dictionary of geography : in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German (1st ed.). Elsevier. p. 557. ISBN 9780080488783. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
^Archinal, B. A.; A’Hearn, M. F.; Bowell, E.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Courtin, R.; Fukushima, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Stooke, P.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (February 2011). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 109 (2): 101–135. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.109..101A. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4. S2CID 189842666.
^Lovett, Richard A. (14 May 2013). "Climate change has shifted the locations of Earth's North and South Poles". Scientific American. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^"Polar motion". International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy. 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite...
90°N 0°E / 90°N 0°E / 90; 0 The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole, Terrestrial North Pole or 90th Parallel North, is the point in...
A pole of inaccessibility with respect to a geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according...
Look up pole or Pole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pole or poles may refer to: Poles (people), another term for Polish people, those originating...
degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographicalpoles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude...
thousand years, the average location of the geomagnetic poles coincides with the geographicalpoles. Paleomagnetists have long relied on the geocentric axial...
ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographicalpoles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles. These high latitudes...
distance away from the south geographicpole. Roald Amundsen, from Norway, was the first person to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, after Ernest...
hypothesized rapid displacement of layers of Earth. Data indicates that the geographicalpoles have not deviated by more than about 5° over the last 130 million...
Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article...
occurs, near (but distinct from) the geographic north pole. The geomagnetic north pole is the northern antipodal pole of an ideal dipole model of the Earth's...
to climate. They are as follows: The North Frigid Zone, between the North Pole at 90° N and the Arctic Circle at 66°33′49.9″ N, covers 4.12% of Earth's...
Neither the American Geographical Society nor any of the geographical societies of semi-Arctic Scandinavia has recognized Peary's North Pole claim. The party...
plane perpendicular to its axis of rotation and midway between its geographicalpoles. On and near the Equator (on Earth), noontime sunlight appears almost...
the geographic and magnetic South Poles were reached for the first time during the Heroic Age. The achievement of being first to the geographicalpole was...
of Australia Geographic centre of New Zealand Geographical Center of South America Geographical Center of Colombia Extremes on Earth Pole of inaccessibility...
of the internal spin axis can be called a pole; for example, Earth's rotation defines the geographicalpoles. A rotation around an axis completely external...
reaches its largest extent. Because Earth's magnetic poles do not coincide with its geographicalpoles—the angle between Earth's rotation axis and magnetic...
This is a list of firsts at the Geographic North Pole. First flight over North Pole (disputed): On May 9, 1926, Americans Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd...
The poles of astronomical bodies are determined based on their axis of rotation in relation to the celestial poles of the celestial sphere. Astronomical...
whose minor axis (shorter diameter), which connects the geographical North Pole and South Pole, is approximately aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation...
The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to observers at Earth's North Pole and South Pole, respectively. As Earth spins...
approximately −70°C to −75°C (−94 to −103°F) at the tropopause. At the geographicalpoles, the Arctic and the Antarctic regions, the tropospheric temperature...
This rotation can be interpreted as a linear displacement of either geographicalpole amounting to several meters on the surface of the Earth: 100 mas subtends...
Geographic North Pole. He is also the first Briton to have trekked, without resupply by third parties, to both the North and South GeographicPoles from...
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