"Intent to destroy" redirects here. For the film, see Intent to Destroy.
Genocidal intent is the mens rea (mental element) for the crime of genocide.[1] "Intent to destroy" is one of the elements of the crime of genocide according to the 1948 Genocide Convention. There is an unresolved "intend debate" over whether dolus directus[definition needed] needs to be proven to convict for genocide, or whether a knowledge-based standard should be enough to convict for genocide.[2]
For an act to be classified as genocide, it is essential to demonstrate that the perpetrators had a deliberate and specific aim (dolus specialis) to physically destroy the group based on its real or perceived nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. Intention to destroy the group's culture or intending to scatter the group does not suffice.[3]
The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and International Court of Justice have ruled that, in the absence of a confession, genocidal intent can be proven with circumstantial evidence, especially "the scale of atrocities committed, their general nature, in a region or a country, or furthermore, the fact of deliberately and systematically targeting victims on account of their membership of a particular group, while excluding the members of other groups."[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][excessive citations]
^Thomas W. Simon (2016). Genocide, Torture and Terrorism: Ranking International Crimes and Justifying Humanitarian Intervention. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-349-56169-8.
^Rodenhäuser, Tilman (2018). Organizing Rebellion: Non-state Armed Groups Under International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights Law, and International Criminal Law. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 284.
^"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^Lattanzi, Flavia (2018). "The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?". The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law. Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104 [65–66]. ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3.
^Smith, Roger W. (1999). "State Power and Genocidal Intent: On the Uses of Genocide in the Twentieth Century". Studies in Comparative Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 3–14. ISBN 978-1-349-27348-5.
^Campbell, Jason J. (2012). On the Nature of Genocidal Intent. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7847-8.
^Kim, Sangkul (2016). A Collective Theory of Genocidal Intent. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6265-123-4.
^Clark, Janine Natalya (2015). "Elucidating the Dolus Specialis: An Analysis of ICTY Jurisprudence on Genocidal Intent". Criminal Law Forum. 26 (3–4): 497–531. doi:10.1007/s10609-015-9260-5. S2CID 143072669.
^"Three Responses to 'Can There Be Genocide Without the Intent to Commit Genocide?'". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 111–133. 2008. doi:10.1080/14623520701850955. S2CID 216136915.
^Aydin, Devrim (2014). "The Interpretation of Genocidal Intent under the Genocide Convention and the Jurisprudence of International Courts". The Journal of Criminal Law. 78 (5): 423–441. doi:10.1350/jcla.2014.78.5.943. S2CID 144141503.
^Behrens, Paul (2015). "Between Abstract Event and Individualized Crime: Genocidal Intent in the Case of Croatia". Leiden Journal of International Law. 28 (4): 923–935. doi:10.1017/S0922156515000503. S2CID 152124051.
^Singleterry, Douglas (2010). ""Ethnic Cleansing" and Genocidal Intent: A Failure of Judicial Interpretation?". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 5 (1): 39–67. doi:10.3138/gsp.5.1.39.
^Dojčinović, Predrag (2016). "The chameleon of mens rea and the shifting guises of culture-specific genocidal intent in international criminal proceedings". Journal of Human Rights. 15 (4): 454–476. doi:10.1080/14754835.2015.1127139. S2CID 148074049.
^Ambos, Kai (2009). "What does 'intent to destroy' in genocide mean?". International Review of the Red Cross. 91 (876): 833–858. doi:10.1017/S1816383110000056.
Genocidalintent is the mens rea (mental element) for the crime of genocide. "Intent to destroy" is one of the elements of the crime of genocide according...
five criteria were adopted by the 1948 Genocide Convention (CPPCG) as its proof for the concept of genocidalintent. Before the term was coined, there had...
rubble". In discussing genocidal actions and intent since 7 October, genocide scholar Mark Levene noted the increasing rhetoric of genocide and ethnic cleansing...
Israeli government officials "could easily be construed as indicating a genocidalintent". On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed a case against Israel at...
Colombia argues that the violence is genocidal in nature, but others question whether there is a "genocidalintent" as required in international law. In...
incapable of proving certain types of genocidal acts as well as relevant genocidalintent by Karadžić. Count 2: Genocide. Municipality: Srebrenica. Count 3:...
"amounted to acts of genocide" in a report published in December 1983. A number of other scholars have also described the pogrom as genocidal. Although initially...
together with genocidalintent, as illustrated by the essay What Russia should do with Ukraine published in RIA Novosti, established that genocide was taking...
The Commission concluded, however, that "[t]he crucial element of genocidalintent appears to be missing, at least as far as the central government authorities...
and contemporary accounts refer to or characterize the massacres as a genocide of Albanians or the Muslim population in the Balkans as a whole. Further...
resistance to genocidal campaigns has resulted in these campaigns as being inaccurately described as war or battles, instead of genocidal massacres. David...
in the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) State terrorism Genocidalintent of the Russian state is attributed to multiple references: Refutations...
widely condemned, with some observers asserting that it manifests genocidalintent. The slogan is often invoked during confrontations with Palestinians...
passed." Manus Midlarsky notes a disjunction between statements of genocidalintent against the Greeks by Ottoman officials and their actions, pointing...
incitement to genocide is proof of genocidalintent, and that inciters (along with planners) are more responsible for the resulting genocide than mere participants...
The contextual element of genocide is an ongoing issue in the jurisprudence of genocide; the question of whether a genocidal policy or plan is an element...
regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "intent to destroy" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement...
policies as evidence of direct genocidalintent. For example, historian Richard White, in a review of Madley's An American Genocide, argues that "no reader of...
of deportation as genocide. Professor Alexander Statiev argues that Stalin's administration did not have a conscious genocidalintent to exterminate the...
international criticism and outrage and has been condemned as evidence of genocidalintent. The article advocates for "brutal censorship" of the Ukrainian culture...
Singleterry (April 2010), "Ethnic Cleansing and GenocidalIntent: A Failure of Judicial Interpretation?", Genocide Studies and Prevention 5, 1 Ferdinandusse...
controlling State and the non-State actors — The Court's refusal to infer genocidalintent from a consistent pattern of conduct in Bosnia and Herzegovina is inconsistent...
not genocidal, and denial of the genocidal nature of settler colonialism. In 2019, the museum reversed its policy and officially recognizes genocide of...
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