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Gender and Welfare State Regimes is an organizing concept that focuses a country's traditional social welfare policies in terms of how it influences employment and general social structure.[1] Gender in terms of the welfare state regime varies based on how a nation perceives and acts on the value of gender. Within gender and welfare state regimes there are three central perspectives. The first perspective is the liberal welfare state, which is utilized in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This regime believes in minimal government intervention and promotes privatization of the economy in order to create equality. The second perspective is the conservative welfare state that is utilized in Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Italy. This regime revolves around traditional family values and believes the economy should be structured around status differentiating programs that are earnings related. The third perspective is the Social Democratic welfare state that is utilized in the Scandinavian countries. This regime is characterized by universalism and believes in full employment, income protection and a strongly interventionist state.[2]
The three welfare state regimes highlight employment opportunity, wage gaps, and health status as differentiating factors when it comes to gender. In terms of employment opportunity, it is impacted by the feminization of poverty. This is when woman represent a disproportionate share of the poor population compared to men.[3] Varying beliefs between the three regimes on gender roles in the labor market effects the level of poverty pertaining toward sex. Wage gaps are affected by the differing beliefs on decommodification between the three welfare state regimes. The theory of decommodification looks to decommodify labor in order to substitute for wages, creating disparity between the pay of low-income earners (a category over-represented by women).[4] Lastly, health status is seen to be influenced by the promotion of gender equality. Those regimes, which believe in equality for all, were seen to have better overall health, compared to those regimes that do not promote gender equality.[5]
^[Esping-Anderson, G. 1990. “introduction” in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton university Press]
^[Eikemo, Terje Andreas, Claire Bambra, Ken Judge, and Kristen Ringdal. 2008. “Welfare state regimes and differences in self-perceived health in Europe: A multilevel analysis”. Social Science and Medicine. 66(11). 2281-2295]
^[Ball, Jennifer and Lorne Tepperman. “The Stacked Deck: An Introduction to Social Inequality”. Canada: Oxford University Press. 2016. p.40-42.]
^[Mandel, Hadas and Michael Shalev. 2009. “How Welfare States Shape the Gender Pay Gap: A Theoretical and Comparative Analysis”. Social Forces. 87(4). 1873-1911.]
^[Eikemo, Terje Andreas, Claire Bambra, Ken Judge, and Kristen Ringdal. 2008. “Welfare state regimes and differences in self-perceived health in Europe: A multilevel analysis”. Social Science and Medicine. 66(11). 2281-2295]
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