This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
In linguistics, free variation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers.[1][2]
Sociolinguists argue that describing such variation as "free" is very often a misnomer, since variation between linguistic forms is usually constrained probabilistically by a range of systematic social and linguistic factors, not unconstrained as the term "free variation" suggests.[3] The term remains in use, however, in studies focused primarily on language as systems (e.g. phonology, morphology, syntax).[4]
^Clark, John Ellery; Yallop, Colin; Fletcher, Janet (2007). Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 110, 116–18. ISBN 978-1-4051-3083-7.
^SIL International. (2003). Glossary of Linguistic Terms. [1]. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^Meyerhoff, Miriam (2011). Introducing Sociolinguistics (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781135284435.
^Kager, René (2004). Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 404.
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In linguistics, freevariation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the...
Look up variation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Variation or Variations may refer to: Variation (astronomy), any perturbation of the mean motion...
distinguishes between freevariation (not systematically related to accompanying linguistic or social features) and systematic variation, which is systematically...
complementary distribution (as distinct from contrastive distribution and freevariation) is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind...
Variational may refer to: Look up variational or variation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis...
In mathematics, the total variation identifies several slightly different concepts, related to the (local or global) structure of the codomain of a function...
allophones being called positional variants, but some allophones occur in freevariation. Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually...
be in freevariation, although reports of [b] could be a misinterpretation of unaspirated [p] by English speakers. There is basic freevariation of [t]...
The actual realization is in freevariation, and can be [kʲ ɡʲ] or, more commonly, [tʃ dʒ]. Speakers who exhibit variation between [ɡʲ] and [dʒ] do so...
[qʼ], [ʔ], or [qχʼ], they are in freevariation. /r/ is realised as an alveolar tap [ɾ] though [r] occurs in freevariation. /l/ is pronounced as velarized...
ELBO, also sometimes called the variational lower bound or negative variationalfree energy) is a useful lower bound on the log-likelihood of some observed...
centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in freevariation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants. Features...
was a certain amount of freevariation between [ai] and [e] (as shown by comparison with Shoshoni cognates), but the variation is no longer so common and...
The double variation (also known as alternating variations) is a musical form used in classical music. It is a type of theme and variations that employs...
short, closed, non-final syllables in freevariation. /ɛ, ɛː/ can be heard as more close [e, eː] in freevariation within word-final syllables. /a/ can...
undergoes phonological processes when speaking and one of them is freevariation. Freevariation is a phenomenon of two or more sounds or forms appearing in...
Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a freevariation with the labiodental approximant. Features of the voiced labiodental...
in freevariation, depending on the dialect. /ɛ/ can be heard as [æ] in freevariation. /ɑ/ can be heard as either back [ɑ] or central [ä] in free variation...
represent some sort of phonetic or phonemic variation between two sounds, which might be allophones or in freevariation. For example, [χ ~ x] can represent "either...
/b d ɡ/ can fricative sounds [β ð ɣ] as allophones that occur within freevariation. /k/ has an allophone of a retracted velar stop [k̠]. /l r/ can have...
stop.) Frequent spelling of this vowel as ⲱⲱ indicates that it is in freevariation with [[oː]]. There is no length distinction in final stressed position...
the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵿ⟩ represents freevariation between /ʊ/ and /ə/. The close central protruded vowel is typically...
ʃ, ʒ, ɲ]. Sounds /f, b/ can be heard as bilabial sounds [ɸ, β] in freevariation. /n/ is heard as velar [ŋ] when preceding velar consonants. /n/ becomes...
speaker or other unpredictable factors. Such allophones are said to be in freevariation, but allophones are still selected in a specific phonetic context, not...
may be in complementary distribution, contrastive distribution, or freevariation with another such element, and which is the basis of distributional...
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