Fraxinetum or Fraxinet (Arabic: فرخشنيط, romanized: Farakhshanīt or فرخشةFarakhsha, from Latin fraxinus: "ash tree", fraxinetum: "ash forest") was the site of a Muslim stronghold at the centre of a frontier state in Provence between about 887 and 972. It is identified with modern La Garde-Freinet, near Saint-Tropez. The fortress was established by Muslims from al-Andalus. From this base, the Muslims raided up the Rhône Valley, into Piedmont and as far as the Abbey of Saint Gall. Their main business was slave-raiding of Europeans for export to Islamic markets. For a time, they controlled the passes through the western Alps. They withstood several attempts to oust them, but were finally defeated by the combined forces of the Provençal and Piedmontese nobility at the battle of Tourtour in 972.
Fraxinetum or Fraxinet (Arabic: فرخشنيط, romanized: Farakhshanīt or فرخشة Farakhsha, from Latin fraxinus: "ash tree", fraxinetum: "ash forest") was the...
at Fraxinetum. For decades, the Saracens had been making inroads into Provence, building several fortresses, the greatest of which was at Fraxinetum, the...
The Battle of Fraxinet or Fraxinetum was fought around 20 May 942, between a Hungarian raiding army and the Muslim frontier state of Fraxinet, and ended...
incursion into Gaul, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century. By 716, under...
vicinity of Saint-Tropez in the middle of the Massif des Maures, with Fraxinetum as its chief town, which Arab written sources call Gabal al qilâl ("the...
Saracens of Fraxinetum. According to Liutprand of Cremona in his Antapodosis, in 972 or 973 Arduin and Rotbold led the successful assault on Fraxinetum itself...
al-Andalus attacked Marseille and Arles and established a base in Camargue, Fraxinetum or La Garde-Freinet-Les Mautes (888-972), from which they made slave raids...
replacement for beneficium) can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at Fraxinetum (La Garde-Freinet) in Provence was established. It is possible, Samarrai...
Sicily (827–909) Emirate of Bari (847–871) Emirate of Taranto (840–880) Fraxinetum Septimania List of Shia dynasties List of Muslim states and dynasties...
759. During a later battle, the Al Andalusians established the fortress Fraxinetum. France's Muslim population grew starting in the second half of the 20th...
apocryphal, when Conrad learned that both the Magyars and the Saracens of Fraxinetum were marching against him, he sent envoys to both armies warning them...
after they had put under their control a part of Provence with a base at Fraxinetum. Monaco is again mentioned in the 11th century, when the church of St...
base in Camargue, Fraxinetum or La Garde-Freinet-Les Mautes (888-972), from which they made slave raids in to France and the Fraxinetum slave trade exported...
driven out when Count William I of Provence captured their stronghold at Fraxinetum in 975. William rewarded the knights who had fought for him in this campaign...
Italy. He conquered the Susa Valley and allied with Provence against Fraxinetum. He ruled the counties of Auriate, Turin, Asti, Albenga and probably Bredulo...
supply of European slaves came from Muslim outposts in Europe such as Fraxinetum. Up until the early 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive...
the fall of 962, Adalbert left Italy and took refuge with the Arabs of Fraxinetum in southern Burgundy. From there he went to Corsica. From Corsica he opened...
restore Bremetense near Gap, which had been destroyed by the Saracens of Fraxinetum. He and his brother gave up control of much of the royal fisc, which had...
(1228–1250) Taifa of Menorca (1228–1287) Emirate of Granada (1228–1492) France Fraxinetum (887–972) The Emirate of Septimania, Southern France (Gaul) (719–759)...
(2000). p. 28 Baják László (2000). p. 28–29 Ballan, Mohammad (2010). Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence. Comitatus: A Journal...
Történettudományi Intézete, pp. 51-52. ISBN 963-8312-67-X. Ballan, Mohammad (2010). Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence. Comitatus: A journal...
MSS 972 (dated to c. 1306 CE) Istakhri's map of the Mediterranean, with Fraxinetum depicted as an island (West at top, copy dated to 1173) Geography and...
Muslim Saracens in Provence had established a base on the coast called Fraxinetum, near modern-day Saint-Tropez, from which they controlled the mountains...
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