Attempted invasion of southwest Francia by the Umayyad Caliphate (719-759 AD)
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Umayyad invasion of Gaul
Part of early Muslim conquests and the Reconquista
1837 painting by Charles de Steuben of the Battle of Tours (732), depicting a triumphant Charles Martel (mounted) facing Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi (right).
Date
719–759
Location
Southern Gaul (now France)
Result
Frankish victory:
Permanent Umayyad retreat to Iberia
Territorial changes
Francia conquers Septimania
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate
Al-Andalus
Francia Aquitaine Gascony Lombard Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani † Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi † Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
Charles Martel
Pepin the Short
Childebrand †
Odo the Great
Hunald I
Waiofar †
Liutprand
v
t
e
Early Muslim expansion
Arabia
Mecca
Quraysh
Byzantine Empire
Syria
Egypt
Armenia and Georgia
North Africa
Cyprus
Constantinople
Crete
Sicily and Southern Italy
Sassanid Persia
Fars
Kerman
Northern Persia
Sistan
Khorasan
Afghanistan
Caucasus
Armenia
Caucasian Albania
Caucasian Iberia
Khazar Khaganate
Other regions
Transoxiana
Visigothic Hispania
Frankish Gaul
v
t
e
Umayyad invasion of Gaul
Toulouse (721)
River Garonne (732)
Tours (732)
Avignon (737)
Narbonne (737)
River Berre (737)
Nîmes (737)
Narbonne (752–759)
The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases in 719 and 732 AD. Although the Umayyads secured control of Septimania, their incursions beyond this into the Loire and Rhône valleys failed. By 759 Muslim forces had lost Septimania to the Christian Franks and retreated to Iberia.
The invasion of Gaul was a continuation of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania into the region of Septimania, the last remnant of the Visigothic Kingdom north of the Pyrenees.[1] After the fall of Narbonne, the capital of the Visigothic rump state, in 720, Umayyad armies composed of Arabs and Berbers turned north against Aquitaine. Their advance was stopped at the Battle of Toulouse in 721, but they sporadically raided southern Gaul as far as Avignon, Lyon and Autun.[1]
A major Umayyad raid directed at Tours was defeated in the Battle of Tours in 732. After 732, the Franks asserted their authority in Aquitaine and Burgundy, but only in 759 did they manage to take the Mediterranean region of Septimania, due to Muslim neglect and local Gothic disaffection.[1]
A later Muslim incursion into France, in the ninth century, resulted in the establishment of Fraxinetum, a fortress in Provence that lasted for nearly a century.
^ abcWatson 2003, p. 1.
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