In a standard superconductor, described by a complex field fermionic condensate wave function (denoted ), vortices carry quantized magnetic fields because the condensate wave function is invariant to increments of the phase by . There a winding of the phase by creates a vortex which carries one flux quantum. See quantum vortex.
The term Fractional vortex is used for two kinds of very different quantum vortices which occur when:
(i) A physical system allows phase windings different from , i.e. non-integer or fractional phase winding. Quantum mechanics prohibits it in a uniform ordinary superconductor, but it becomes possible in an inhomogeneous system, for example, if a vortex is placed on a boundary between two superconductors which are connected only by an extremely weak link (also called a Josephson junction); such a situation also occurs on grain boundaries etc. At such superconducting boundaries the phase can have a discontinuous jump. Correspondingly, a vortex placed onto such a boundary acquires a fractional phase winding hence the term fractional vortex. A similar situation occurs in Spin-1 Bose condensate, where a vortex with phase winding can exist if it is combined with a domain of overturned spins.
(ii) A different situation occurs in uniform multicomponent superconductors, which allow stable vortex solutions with integer phase winding , where , which however carry arbitrarily fractionally quantized magnetic flux.[1]
Observation of fractional-flux vortices was reported in a multiband Iron-based superconductor.
[2]
^Egor Babaev, Vortices with Fractional Flux in Two-Gap Superconductors and in Extended Faddeev Model Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 067001.
^Yusuke Iguchi, Ruby A. Shi1, Kunihiro Kihou, Chul-Ho Lee, Mats Barkman, Andrea L. Benfenati, Vadim Grinenko, Egor Babaev, Kathryn A. Moler
Superconducting vortices carrying a temperature-dependent fraction of the flux quantum [Science ]
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