This article is about the "four humours" in Greco-Roman medicine, a specific form of the more universal proto-medical concept of humourism. For the music by Hindemith choreographed by Balanchine, see The Four Temperaments. For the symphony by Carl Nielsen, see Symphony No. 2 (Nielsen).
18th-century depiction of the four temperaments,[1] Phlegmatic and choleric above, sanguine and melancholic below
The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.[2][3] Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments. Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) described the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humourism, that four bodily fluids affect human personality traits and behaviours. Modern medical science does not define a fixed relationship between internal secretions and personality, although some psychological personality type systems use categories similar to the Greek temperaments.
^Woodcut from Johann Kaspar Lavater, Physiognomische Fragmente zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe (1775–1778)
^"The Four Human Temperaments". www.thetransformedsoul.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
^Merenda, P. F. (1987). "Toward a Four-Factor Theory of Temperament and/or Personality". Journal of Personality Assessment. 51 (3): 367–374. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5103_4. PMID 16372840.
FourTemperaments)". American Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 1 February 2021. Hindemith, Paul (1948). Theme and Four Variations (The FourTemperaments)...
The FourTemperaments or Theme and Four Variations (The FourTemperaments) is an orchestral work and ballet by Paul Hindemith. Although it was originally...
temperament is one of fourtemperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SP (sensing–perceiving) Myers-Briggs types, the Artisan temperament comprises...
Temperaments, Galen further emphasized the importance of the qualities. An ideal temperament involved a proportionally balanced mixture of the four qualities...
simplifies these sixteen types into four groups, whose archetypes he equates with the classical fourtemperaments: SP (Artisan), SJ (Guardian), NT (Rational)...
pseudoscientific "temperaments" to design instruction for each student. Seating arrangements and class activities may take into account the supposed temperaments of...
hallucinations and delusions. Melancholy was regarded as one of the fourtemperaments matching the four humours. Until the 18th century, doctors and other scholars...
water that metaphorically made up the boundaries of ancient China Fourtemperaments – Proto-psychological theory Purple Forbidden enclosure – Chinese...
thesis on temperaments into three subsections; a general overview, one based on members of the body, and temperaments based on age. The temperaments are reported...
questionnaire, known as the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, which links human behavioral patterns to fourtemperaments and sixteen character types. Both volumes...
Meantone temperaments are musical temperaments, that is a variety of tuning systems, obtained by narrowing the fifths so that their ratio is slightly...
recorded circular temperaments was described by the organist Arnolt Schlick in the early 16th century. However, "well temperaments" did not become widely...
free dictionary. Melancholy may refer to: Melancholia, one of the fourtemperaments in pre-modern medicine and proto-psychology, representing a state...
Four Dwarves (Norse mythology) Four Holy Beasts Four Living Creatures Four sons of Horus Four Stags (Norse mythology) Four Symbols Fourtemperaments Guardians...
indicator theory was the FourTemperaments system of Galen, based on the four humours model of Hippocrates; an extended five temperaments system based on the...
Variations, Scènes de ballet, Balanchine's Jewels, Tarantella, The FourTemperaments, Symphony in C, Theme and Variations, Ballo della Regina, La Valse...
human diversity. He analyzed the nature of the Hippocrates-Galen fourtemperaments and plotted in two dimensions "what belongs to a human being's faculty...
conceptions of personality, such as the Temperament and Character Inventory have suggested four basic temperaments that are thought to reflect basic and...
former came to refer to a pathological condition and the latter to a temperament. The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, "to press...
using the colors blue, gold, orange and green to represent four basic personality temperaments. The 16PF Questionnaire (16PF) was developed by Raymond Cattell...
a Christian perspective. Among other issues, he taught about the fourtemperaments in a format based on well known animals, the otter, lion, golden retriever...
might indicate that Dürer had planned three other engravings on the fourtemperaments. He suggested instead that the "I" referred to the first of three...
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