Sterilization of food with ionizing radiations for enhanced preservation and longer shelflife
The international Radura logo, used to show a food has been treated with ionizing radiation.A portable, trailer-mounted food irradiation machine, c. 1968
Food irradiation (sometimes radurization or radurisation) is the process of exposing food and food packaging to ionizing radiation, such as from gamma rays, x-rays, or electron beams.[1][2][3] Food irradiation improves food safety and extends product shelf life (preservation) by effectively destroying organisms responsible for spoilage and foodborne illness, inhibits sprouting or ripening, and is a means of controlling insects and invasive pests.[1][3]
In the US, consumer perception of foods treated with irradiation is more negative than those processed by other means.[4] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have performed studies that confirm irradiation to be safe.[1][5][6][7][8] In order for a food to be irradiated in the US, the FDA will still require that the specific food be thoroughly tested for irradiation safety.[9]
Food irradiation is permitted in over 60 countries, and about 500,000 metric tons of food are processed annually worldwide.[10] The regulations for how food is to be irradiated, as well as the foods allowed to be irradiated, vary greatly from country to country. In Austria, Germany, and many other countries of the European Union only dried herbs, spices, and seasonings can be processed with irradiation and only at a specific dose, while in Brazil all foods are allowed at any dose.[11][12][13][14][15]
^ abc"Food irradiation: What you need to know". US Food and Drug Administration. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
^WHO (1988). Food Irradiation: A technique for preserving and improving the safety of food. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/38544. ISBN 978-924-154240-1. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
^ ab"Food irradiation". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. October 31, 2016. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
^Conley, Susan Templin (Fall 1992). "What Do Consumers Think About Irradiated Foods?". FSIS Food Safety Review. 2 (3): 11–15. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference JFDiehl was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference JSGHDI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^World Health Organization. Safety and Nutritional Adequacy of Irradiated Food. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1994
^Cite error: The named reference FDA1986 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"The FDA's position on irradiation". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^"Irradiation testing for correct labelling you can trust". Eurofins Scientific. January 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
^"Food Irradiation Clearances". Nucleus.iaea.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
^"Food irradiation, Position of ADA". J Am Diet Assoc. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016. retrieved November 15, 2007
^Deeley, C.M.; Gao, M.; Hunter, R.; Ehlermann, D.A.E. (2006). Food Tutorial — The development of food irradiation in the Asia Pacific, the Americas and Europe. International Meeting on Radiation Processing. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
^Kume, Tamikazu; Furuta, Masakazu; Todoriki, Setsuko; Uenoyama, Naoki; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko (March 2009). "Status of food irradiation in the world". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 78 (3): 222–226. Bibcode:2009RaPC...78..222K. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.09.009.
^Farkas, József; Mohácsi-Farkas, Csilla (March 2011). "History and future of food irradiation". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 22 (2–3): 121–126. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2010.04.002.
across quarantine boundaries, food is irradiated using a technique called phytosanitary irradiation. Phytosanitary irradiation sterilizes the pests preventing...
irradiated food does not and cannot become radioactive. Activists have also opposed foodirradiation for other reasons, for example, arguing that irradiation can...
blood.[citation needed] Foodirradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance. Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging...
9, 2018. anon., FoodIrradiation - A technique for preserving and improving the safety of food, WHO, Geneva, 1991 "IRRADIATEDFOODS Fifth Edition Revised...
and India, a major producer, were the most frequently contaminated. Foodirradiation is said to minimize this risk. The International Organization for Standardization...
& vegetables based) Other food product and ingredients Proprietary foodIrradiation of food Fortification of staple foods i.e. vegetable oil, milk, salt...
232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. "The History of FoodIrradiation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2013. Retrieved...
fish and meat, extracting and filtering oils, canning food, preserving food through foodirradiation, and candling eggs, as well as homogenizing and pasteurizing...
sterilization Foodirradiation Gamma knife, used in radiosurgery This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gamma irradiation. If an internal...
a shelf stable product at ambient conditions. Foodirradiation – the process of exposing food and food packaging to ionizing radiation can effectively...
produce such products. Organic foods are typically not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or synthetic food additives. In the 21st century...
equal to 100 rad, the cgs unit. Absorbed dose is also used to manage the irradiation and measure the effects of ionising radiation on inanimate matter in...
by irradiation," along with the Radura. In the US, irradiation labeling requirements apply only to foods sold in stores. For example, irradiated spices...
used in foodirradiation (cobalt-60, caesium-137) both have energy peaks below this cutoff and thus cannot induce radioactivity in the food. The conditions...
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, also known as Dr. Wiley's Law, was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted...
The International Facility for FoodIrradiation Technology (IFFIT) was a research and training centre at the Institute of Atomic Research in Agriculture...
gene could predict cancer risk". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (20 April 2020). "FoodIrradiation: What You Need to Know". FDA. Retrieved 20...
caused anaphylaxis leading to death. Decontamination of food by ionizing radiation, or foodirradiation, is considered a safe and efficient process for elimination...
natural products. Irradiation − Foodirradiation using UV-C, gamma rays, x-rays, and electron beams is another method to extend the food shelf life. Ionizing...
sterilizing food, in which a product is processed under very high pressure Foodirradiation, exposing foodstuffs to ionizing radiation to preserve food, reduce...
Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, known as NIFA, (جوہری ادارہ برائے خوراک و زراعت) is one of four agriculture and foodirradiation research institute...
of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on foodirradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The...
pests, and to control the ripening of stored fruit and vegetables. Foodirradiation usually uses beta-decaying nuclides with strong gamma emissions like...
ionizing radiation, such as foodirradiation, use dosimeters to calibrate doses deposited in the matter being irradiated. These usually must have a greater...
As an irradiation source they are used in medicine for radiation therapy and in industry for such as industrial radiography, foodirradiation, sterilization...
improve the quality of, or increase the safety of commercial food including: foodirradiation, genetically modified organisms, livestock treated with antibiotics/hormones...
Gamma Irradiation, 1980; (contrib.) IFFIT Report No. 16 – Preliminary Studies on the Effect of the Combination Treatment of Heat and Gamma Irradiation on...
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