In mathematics, the floor function (or greatest integer function) is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor(x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil(x).[1]
For example, for floor: ⌊2.4⌋ = 2, ⌊−2.4⌋ = −3, and for ceiling: ⌈2.4⌉ = 3, and ⌈−2.4⌉ = −2.
Historically, the floor of x has been–and still is–called the integral part or integer part of x, often denoted [x] (as well as a variety of other notations).[2] However, the same term, integer part, is also used for truncation towards zero, which differs from the floor function for negative numbers.
For n an integer, ⌊n⌋ = ⌈n⌉ = [n] = n.
Although floor(x+1) and ceil(x) produce graphs that appear exactly alike, they are not the same when the value of x is an exact integer. For example, when x=2.0001; ⌊2.0001+1⌋ = ⌈2.0001⌉ = 3. However, if x=2, then ⌊2+1⌋ = 3, while ⌈2⌉ = 2.
Examples
x
Floor ⌊x⌋
Ceiling ⌈x⌉
Fractional part {x}
2
2
2
0
2.0001
2
3
0.0001
2.4
2
3
0.4
2.9
2
3
0.9
2.999
2
3
0.999
−2.7
−3
−2
0.3
−2
−2
−2
0
^Graham, Knuth, & Patashnik, Ch. 3.1
^
1) Luke Heaton, A Brief History of Mathematical Thought, 2015, ISBN 1472117158 (n.p.)
2) Albert A. Blank et al., Calculus: Differential Calculus, 1968, p. 259
3) John W. Warris, Horst Stocker, Handbook of mathematics and computational science, 1998, ISBN 0387947469, p. 151
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