1912–1913 war between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire
First Balkan War
Part of the Balkan Wars
Clockwise from top right: Serbian forces entering the town of Mitrovica; Ottoman troops at the Battle of Kumanovo; Meeting of the Greek king George I and the Bulgarian tsar Ferdinand I in Thessaloniki; Bulgarian heavy artillery
Date
8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913
(7 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Balkan Peninsula
Result
Balkan League victory
Treaty of London
Territorial changes
Ottoman European territory divided between the Balkan League States.
Belligerents
Bulgaria
Greece
Serbia
Montenegro
Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand I
Vladimir Vazov
Georgi Vazov
Mihail Savov
Ivan Fichev
Vasil Kutinchev
Nikola Ivanov
Radko Dimitriev
Stiliyan Kovachev
Georgi Todorov
Andranik Ozanian
Garegin Nzhdeh
George I X
Eleftherios Venizelos
Constantine I
Panagiotis Danglis
Pavlos Kountouriotis
Ioannis Damianos
Nikolaos Delagrammatikas
Konstantinos Sapountzakis
Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos
Konstantinos Damianos
Peter I
Prince Alexander
Radomir Putnik
Petar Bojović
Stepa Stepanović
Božidar Janković
Živojin Mišić
Pavle Jurišić Šturm
Nicholas I
Prince Danilo Petrović
Prince Peter
Janko Vukotić
Radomir Vešović
Mehmed V
Mahmud Shevket Pasha
Enver Pasha
Nazım Pasha
Zeki Pasha
Esat Pasha
Abdullah Pasha (POW)
Ali Rıza Pasha
Hasan Tahsin Pasha
İsmail Hakkı Pasha
Hasan Rıza Pasha X
Mehmed Şükrü Pasha
Essad Pasha Toptani
Rauf Pasha
Strength
450,300+ men[1][2]
230,000 men[3]
125,000 men[4]
44,500 men[5]
Total: 850,000+
436,742 men initially (significantly more than the Balkan League by the end)[6]
Casualties and losses
Bulgaria:[7]
14,000 killed
4,926 missing
50,000 wounded
19,000 dead of disease
Greece:[7]
5,169 killed
23,502 wounded
1,550 dead of disease
Serbia:
5,000 killed
18,000 wounded[8]
6,698 dead of disease
Montenegro:[7][9]
2,836 killed
6,602 wounded
406 dead of disease
Total: 156,139 killed, wounded, or died of disease
Ottoman Empire:[9]
50,000 killed
100,000 wounded
115,000 captured
75,000 dead of disease
Total: 340,000 killed, wounded, captured or died of disease
Numerous Albanian and Ottoman civilian casualties (see below...)
v
t
e
First Balkan War
Bulgarian Front
Kardzhali
Kirk Kilisse
Lule Burgas
Merhamli
Kaliakra
1st Çatalca
Bulair
Şarköy
Adrianople
2nd Çatalca
Serbian and Montenegrin front
Kumanovo
Lumë
Prilep
Monastir
Scutari
Greek front
Lemnos Island
Sarantaporo
Yenidje
Pente Pigadia
Sorovich
Himara
Lesbos
Chios
Driskos
Elli
Korytsa
Lemnos
Bizani
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior (significantly superior by the end of the conflict) and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.
The war was a comprehensive and unmitigated disaster for the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population.[10] As a result of the war, the League captured and partitioned almost all of the Ottoman Empire's remaining territories in Europe. Ensuing events also led to the creation of an independent Albania, which dissatisfied the Serbs.[citation needed] Bulgaria, meanwhile, was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia and attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913, which provoked the start of the Second Balkan War.
During the war, many civilians, overwhelmingly Muslim Turks, were either killed or forced to flee their homes. The highly politicized and disorganized units of the Ottoman army were quite incapable of evacuating the civilians in the war zone. This situation left many civilians in the occupied areas defenseless against the invading armies of the Balkan League. Although there are discussions about the exact amount of civilian casualties, when the war ended great changes occurred in the demographic makeup of the Balkan region.[11]
^Hall 2000, p. 16
^Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). "Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 39 (3): 411–431. doi:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186. ISSN 1360-2004. S2CID 202282745.
^Hall 2000, p. 18
^Erickson 2003, p. 70
^Erickson 2003, p. 69.
^Erickson 2003, p. 52.
^ abcHall 2000, p. 135
^Βιβλίο εργασίας 3, Οι Βαλκανικοί Πόλεμοι, ΒΑΛΕΡΙ ΚΟΛΕΦ and ΧΡΙΣΤΙΝΑ ΚΟΥΛΟΥΡΗ, translation by ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΠΕΝΤΑΖΟΥ, CDRSEE, Thessaloniki 2005, p. 120, (Greek). Retrieved from http://www.cdsee.org
^ abErickson 2003, p. 329
^Balkan Savaşları ve Balkan Savaşları'nda Bulgaristan, Süleyman Uslu
^"1.1. The ethnography and national aspirations of the Balkans". macedonia.kroraina.com.
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